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Microbiology > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

symptoms of cholera

A

profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, leg cramps

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2
Q

father of epidemiology

A

john snow

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3
Q

Developed delivery system for ether; first anesthesiologist in England

A

john snow

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4
Q

treated queen victoria with chloroform during delivery of 8th child

A

john snow

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5
Q

epidemiology

A

the study of the causes, distribution, and transmission of disease

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6
Q

disease

A

an abnormal state in which the body is not functioning properly

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7
Q

infection

A

colonization of the body by pathogens

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8
Q

communicable disease

A

a disease that is spread from one host to another

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9
Q

contagious disease

A

a disease that is easily spread from one host to another

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10
Q

examples of contagious disease

A

measles, chicken pox, influenza

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11
Q

noncommunicable disease

A

a disease that is not transmitted from one host to another

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12
Q

ex of noncommunicable disease

A

tetanus

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13
Q

etiology

A

study of the cause of disease

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14
Q

Koch’s postulates

A

criteria developed by Robert Koch to establish a specific microbial cause for a given disease

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15
Q

2 diseases Koch identified

A

B. anthracis, M. tuberculosis

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16
Q

1st of Koch’s postulates

A
  1. the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
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17
Q

2nd of Koch’s postulates

A
  1. the pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
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18
Q

3rd of Koch’s postulates

A
  1. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal
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19
Q

4th of Koch’s postulates

A
  1. the pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism
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20
Q

4 exceptions to Koch’s postulates

A
  1. some pathogens cannot be cultured
  2. some can cause several disease conditions
  3. some symptoms can be from different pathogens
  4. some only cause disease in humans
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21
Q

An ex of a pathogen that cannot be cultured

A

M. leprae (leprosy)

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22
Q

An ex of pathogens that cause several disease conditions

A

S. pyrogenes

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23
Q

An ex of symptoms from multiple pathogens

A

pneumonia

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24
Q

2 disease that only cause disease in humans

A

small pox; HIV/AIDS

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25
Q

3 Modes of Transmission

A
  1. Contact (touching/kissing)
  2. Vehicle (infected water)
  3. Vector (mosquitoes)
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26
Q

Direct Contact

A

require close association between infected and susceptible host

27
Q

Indirect Contact

A

spread by fomites (ex: tissues, used needles, money)

28
Q

Droplet contact

A

transmission via airborne droplets (sneeze)

29
Q

How many bacteria were found on $1 bills?

A

Over 3,000; most common one caused acne; also found bacterial species linked to gastric ulcers, pneumonia, food poisoning, staph infections, and diphtheria; Ab resistant strains also found on money

30
Q

Droplets from a sneeze travel _x to ____x further than previously thought; about - m more.

A

5x-200x; 4-5m

31
Q

Vehicle transmission Water

A

untreated or contaminated water

32
Q

Vehicle transmission Food

A

incompletely cook or improperly refrigerated food

33
Q

Vehicle Transmission Air

A

airborne droplets, dust particles, spores that can travel by air

34
Q

mechanical transmission

A

arthropod carries pathogen on feet (fly -> food)

35
Q

biological transmission

A

pathogen reproduces in vector (malaria)

36
Q

2 Things that dictate how long a pathogen can survive outside of the normal host/growth environment:

A
  1. Pathogen (endospores? mycobacteria? enveloped vs nonenveloped virus?)
  2. Environmental conditions (porous vs nonporous surface; temp; humidity; light (UV); density of pathogen)
37
Q

How long can most bacteria/viruses live on a surface in general?

A

24-48 hours

38
Q

Endospores can survive (8)

A

dessication, heat, cold, extreme pH, pressure, radiation, chemicals, time

39
Q

Healthcare Acquired Infections (HAIs)

A

Infections acquired at a healthcare facility while receiving treatment for other conditions (AKA Nosocomial Infections)

40
Q

What makes the healthcare such a good place to get an HAI?

A

microorganisms in hospital environment, compromised host, and chain of transmission

41
Q

Incidence

A

fraction of a population that NEWLY CONTRACTS a disease during a specific time

42
Q

Incident Rate #

A

new cases per population unit during a specific time

43
Q

What does incidence rate measure?

A

risk of getting a disease

44
Q

Prevalence

A

fraction of a population that HAS a specific disease at a given time

45
Q

What does prevalence measure?

A

the burden of the disease

46
Q

morbidity

A

incidence of a specific notifiable disease

47
Q

mortality

A

deaths from notifiable diseases

48
Q

morbidity rate

A

number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period

49
Q

mortality rate

A

number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time

50
Q

The 2 most common causes of HAIs are:

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium difficile (C. diff)

51
Q

Zoonosis

A

any disease or infection that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans or vice versa

52
Q

Zoonoses

A

can be caused by all types of pathogens: bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses

53
Q

Food-related diseases affect ________________ of people. It kills _________. It causes more than$__ billion in health care-related costs each year.

A

tens of millions; thousands; 9

54
Q

_________, over ____ million people lack access to healthy _____. In the United States, there are ______ of cases of _________ illness each year.

A

Globally; 900; water; millions; waterborne

55
Q

Causative agent of cholera:

A

Vibrio cholerae

56
Q

What type of bacteria is Vibrio cholerae?

A

gram negative

57
Q

How does it work?

A

produces cholera toxin (AB exotoxin) that causes host cells to secrete electrolytes & water

58
Q

Reservoir for cholera?

A

humans

59
Q

Mode of transmission for cholera?

A

vehicle: contaminated water

60
Q

Treatment for cholera?

A

Rehydration and doxycycline

61
Q

Prevention of cholera?

A

clean water

62
Q

What random item helps filter water in lower-income countries?

A

Saris

63
Q

Cholera bacteria form ________ and are associated with ____________.

A

biofilms; copepods

Microbiology (21 decks)

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