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Advanced Med/Surg > End of Life > Flashcards

End of Life Flashcards

1
Q

The Top 2 Desires in Dying

A
  • Relieve the burden on caregivers
    • EX: Mother taken care of by children- not wanted
  • Receive adequate pain and symptom management
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2
Q

Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment (1995) that found there was limited communication between physicians and patients, more than 1/3 of those who died spent at least 10 days in ICU, 46% of patients received mechanical ventilation within 3 days of death, and dying patients were in moderate to severe pain at least half of the time.

A

SUPPORT Study

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3
Q

Previous standard of care for pain control at End of Life was _______, which is now known to cause seizures.

A

Demerol

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4
Q

To qualify for hospice, the patient must have a life-threatening illness with a life expectancy of less than _______.

A

6 months

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5
Q

To qualify for hospice, the patient must forego _________.

A

curative treatment

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6
Q

Hospice care can be provided in ______, ________, or ________.

A

home, hospital, nursing home

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7
Q

Hospice places an emphasis on ___________ care.

A

interdisciplinary

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8
Q

***All hospices develop ______ _______ based on the family’s _______.**

A

shared goals; wishes

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9
Q

The difference between hospice and palliative care is _________.

A

who can be cared for

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10
Q

In palliative care, patients may still receive _______ treatment.

A

curative

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11
Q
  • Fear
  • Lack of experience/understanding
  • Health care provider insensitivity
  • Sense of guilt for failure to cure patient
  • Disagreement with patient/family decisions
  • Physical/emotional distance
  • Unresolved personal grief issues
  • Ethical concerns
A

Barriers to Communication for Healthcare Providers

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12
Q

An individual instruction or a written statement, witnessed, and governing the withholding or withdrawing of life-prolonging intervention, voluntarily executed by a person

A

Advanced Directive

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13
Q

Pain that results from infiltration, compression, distention, or stretching of thoracic or abdominal viscera

A

nociceptive pain

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14
Q

pain that results from injury to the peripheral or central nervous systems as a consequence of the tumor compressing or infiltrating nerves, nerve roots, or the spinal cord

A

neuropathic pain

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15
Q

At a pain scale of 4 - 6, we can administer _____.

A

opiods (like codiene)

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16
Q

AT pain scale of 7+, we can administer _______.

A

Fentanyl

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17
Q

Most EOL patients are ________, meaning they could easily develop respiratory depression.

A

Opioid naïve

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18
Q

The gold standard opiod medication

A

Morphine

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19
Q

Opioid Medications given at EOL

A
  • Morphine
  • Oxycodone
  • Fentanyl
  • Methadone
  • Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
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20
Q

Transient exacerbation or flare-up of pain that occurs in patients with otherwise well-controlled baseline pain

A

Breakthrough Pain

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21
Q

For pain crisis, give ___ mg bolus then every 8 minutes, ______ the dose.

A

2; double

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22
Q

opiods treat ________ pain

A

nociceptive

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23
Q

tricyclic antidepressants treat ________ pain

A

neuropathic

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24
Q

Adverse Effects of opioids

A
  • Constipation
  • Sedation
  • Respiratory depression
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Myoclonus
  • Pruritis
  • Urinary retention
25
Q

Meds given to reduce pruritus caused by opioids:

A
  • Embeda
  • Narcan (w/ morphine)
26
Q

Medications given for Palliative Sedation Therapy:

A
  • benzodiazepines
  • ketamine
  • propofol
27
Q

Meds given in addition to pain & sedation meds for EOL:

A
  • NSAIDS
  • Prednisone
  • Anticonvulsants
  • Tricyclic antidepressants
  • Local anesthetics
  • Anticancer therapies
  • Bisphosphonates
  • Diuretics
28
Q

medication given at EOL to help w/ nerve pain or inhibit prostaglandin synthesis in uterine cancer

A

Prednisone

29
Q

The gold standard of care for dyspnea at EOL

A

opioids- Morphine

30
Q

Goal of Treatment of Dyspnea at EOL

A

treat the cause and relieve the psychological distress and accompanying autonomic response

31
Q

Medications for Dyspnea at EOL

A
  • Opioids (Morphine)
  • O2 and humidified O2
  • Anxiolytics (benzodiazepine)
  • Inhalers and nebulizers (steroid inhalers/ albuterol)
  • Diuretics
  • Anticholinergics
32
Q

Nonpharmacological Interventions for Dyspnea at EOL

A
  • Use a fan to help circulate the air
  • Open a window
  • Wet cloths
  • Restrict the number of people in the room
  • Reposition the patient- elevate HOB
33
Q

Medications for N&V at EOL

A
  • Dopamine antagonists- Phenergen, Haldol, Reglan, Compazine
  • Antihistamines- Benadryl, Antivert, Meclizyne
  • Anticholinergics- Scopalamine patch
  • Serotonin antagonists- Zofran
  • Prokinetic agents- Reglan
  • Antacids- Dexamethasone
  • Others- Marijuana
34
Q

Medications for Constipation at EOL

A
  • Laxatives (stimulants and osmotics)
  • Stool softeners
  • Lubricants
  • Enemas
  • Prokinetic agents
35
Q

Medications for Diarrhea at EOL

A
  • Loperamide (Immodium)
  • Diphenoxylate/atropine (Lomotil)
  • Tincture of opium (Paregoric)
  • Octreotide
36
Q

Medications for Anorexia at EOL

A
  • alcohol (Eldertonic)
  • dexamethasone
  • megastrol acetate (Megase)
  • THC
37
Q

Medications for Fatigue at EOL

A
  • steroids
  • low-dose stimulants
38
Q

Nonpharmagological Interventions for Insomnia at EOL

A
  • Encourage a regular sleep schedule
  • Avoid staying in bed
  • Avoid caffeine and alcohol intake
  • Avoid overstimulation (need 8 hours of “lights out”)
  • Control pain during the night
39
Q

Medications for Insomnia at EOL

A
  • anxiolytic/hypnotics
  • benzodiazepines
  • sedating antidepressants
40
Q

EOL condition consisting of confusion, anxiety, restlessness, hallucinations, and agitation caused by antianxiety meds, opioid toxicity, metabolic disorders, full bowel or bladder (urinary retention), or impending death with symptoms of moaning and picking at air/sheets

A

Terminal Delirium

41
Q

Goal of EOL care

A

comfort and peaceful death

42
Q

The 5 Tasks for the Patient & Family at EOL

A
  1. To ask forgiveness
  2. To forgive
  3. To say “thank you”
  4. To say “I love you”
  5. To say “goodbye”
43
Q

Stage of EOL characterized by the person beginning to withdraw, hyponatremia, decreased pain (natural endorphins), decreased food intake, confusion, increased sleep (separating from life), and less need to communicate with others

A

1 - 3 months before death

44
Q

In 1 - 3 months prior to death, discourage ____ and ____ because systems are shutting down so food will stay in stomach longer causing distress & potential for aspiration

A

IVs & tube feedings

45
Q

Stage of EOL characterized by “actively dying”, sleeping most of the time, visions occurring, agitation (picking), decreased BP, decreased urine output, increased perspiration, changing skin color, and breathing changes/ “death rattle”

A

1 - 2 weeks prior to death

46
Q

Interventions for “Death Rattle”

A
  • Anticholinergics- Scopalamine
  • Positioning
  • Mouth care (do not suction)
47
Q

stage of EOL characterized by surge of energy, increased intensity of symptoms like restlessness & congestion, open or semi-open eyes, mottles hands/feet, irregular breathing, weakened pulse, decreased urine output, incontinence of urine and stool, and cardiac dysrhythmias

A

1 - 2 days prior to death

48
Q

If cardiac dysrhythmias develop during EOL, the nurse should discuss shutting down an _____ if the patient has one.

A

ICD

49
Q

At 1 - 2 days prior to death, for irregular breathing, the nurse should _____________.

A

raise HOB but do not give O2

50
Q

EOL Respirations

A

Cheyne Stokes Respirations

51
Q

stage of death lasting minutes characterized by “fish out of water breathing” in which the patient cannot be awakened

A

actual death

52
Q

The total cessation of life processes that eventually occurs in all living organisms (Encyclopedia Britannica) or…

The cessation of integrated tissue and organ function, manifested by cessation of heartbeat, absence of spontaneous respirations, or irreversible brain dysfunction

A

Death Definition

53
Q

How to document death

A

no breath sounds, no audible heart tones, pupils fixed & dilated

54
Q

The most definitive sign of death

A

pupils fixed & dilated

55
Q

Signs of Death

A
  • Breathing stops
  • Heart stops beating
  • Pupils become fixed and dilated
  • Body color becomes pale and waxen
  • Body temperature drops
  • Muscles and sphincters relax
  • Urine and stool may be released
  • Eyes may remain open and there is no blinking
  • Jaw may fall open
  • May hear trickling of fluids internally
56
Q

Steps to Pronouncing Death

A
  1. Identify the patient
  2. Test for response to verbal/tactile stimuli
  3. Listen for absence of heart sounds; feel for absence of carotid pulse
  4. Look, listen for absence of spontaneous respirations
  5. Document the position of the pupils and absence of pupillary light reflex
  6. Document the time at which the assessment was completed
57
Q

Rigamortis sets in at ___ to ___ hours.

A

4 - 6

58
Q

According to the IOM, a good death is:

A
  • free from avoidable distress & suffering for patients, families, & caregivers
  • in accordance with the wishes of the patient and his family
  • consistent with clinical, cultural, and ethical standards
59
Q
A

Advanced Med/Surg (10 decks)

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