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HSC 350 > finals crunch > Flashcards

finals crunch Flashcards

1
Q

Things that stabilize the brain during accel/decel, and where the second one is:

A

Falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli.

Tentorium cerebelli lies between cerebellum and occipital lobes.

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2
Q

Common cause of epidural space:

A

Rupture of the middle meningeal artery

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3
Q

Define: aneurysm

A

Hemorrhage in subarachnoid space

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4
Q

Anterior circulation is served by what artery? Posterior circulation is served by what artery? Also, where do the circuits differentiate?

A

Anterior - internal carotid
Posterior - basilar/vertebral
Differentiate at aorta

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5
Q

Stroke of MCA:

A

Contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss in face and arm.
Right: hemineglect, anosognosia.
Left: aphasias.

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6
Q

Stroke of ACA:

A

Contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss in leg and foot.
In frontal lobe: personality change.

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7
Q

Stroke of PCA:

A

Occipital: hemianopsia, visual agnosia
Temporal: memory impairment.

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8
Q

What part of the brain is associated with prosopagnosia?

A

Stroke of PCA, damage to inferior temporal cortex.

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9
Q

Superficial veins drain where? Deep veins drain where?

A

Superficial - superior sagittal sinus and cavernous sinus

Deep - great vein of Galen

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10
Q

BOLD:

A

Blood-oxygen level-dependent signal. Use glucose but not O2.

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11
Q

RBC/WBC content of CSF:

A

No RBC, very few WBC.

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12
Q

Rate of CSF formation?

Rate of CSF absorption?

A

Formation: constant.
Absorption: responds a lot, fast, with changes in pressure.

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13
Q

What kind (-ergic) of ganglion for symp? parasymp? Distance from target?

A

Symp: adrenergic, far
Parasymp: cholinergic, close

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14
Q

Layers of enteric motor system:

A 
Mucus
Submucus/Meissner's plexus 
Circular muscle layer
Myenteric/Auerbach's plexus 
Longitudinal muscle layer
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15
Q

What’s the one layer of the enter motor system I keep forgetting?

A

Myenteric/Auerbach’s plexus

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16
Q

What is the arcuate fasciculus?

A

A bridge between Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas.

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17
Q

Origins of ACh system:

A

Brain stem/basal forebrain.

18
Q

Origins of dopamine system and 3 pathways:

A

Substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.

19
Q

Norepinephrine:

A

Locus coeruleus and lateral tegmental area.

20
Q

Serotonin:

A

Raphe nuclei (rostral to forebrain, caudal to cerebellum/medulla/SC)

21
Q 
Goddamn cascades:
Olfactory
Phototransduction
LTP
LTD
A

Olf: G-protein, AC, cAMP, ions, depol.
Photo: Light, opsin, retinal, phosphodiesterase, cGMP.
LTP: CaMKII and PKC; PKA, gene regulation.
LTD: Glu, mGluR, PKC, Ca2+, eat AMPA

22
Q

Layers of olf bulb:

A 
Granule cell
Mitral cell
External plexiform
Glomeruli
Olf nerves
Cribiform plate
Olf epithelium
23
Q

What cells are involved in olf fine-tuning?

A

Mitral pokes granule. Granule shushes other mitrals.

24
Q

Central projections of the olf system:

A

Bulb

Pyriform cortex, olf tubercle, amygdala, entorhinal cortex

Orbitofrontal cortex, hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus

25
Q

Layers of the retina:

A 
Pigment epithelium
Photoreceptor outer segments
Outer nuclear layer
Outer plexiform layer
Inner nuclear layer
Inner plexiform layer
Ganglion cell layer
Nerve fibre layer
26
Q

Dark current:

A

cGMP keeps Na+ channels open for Glu. In light, cGMP->GMP.

27
Q

Where does first binocular vision occur?

A

Striate cortex

28
Q

Auditory pathway:

When is it ipsilateral?

A 
Spiral ganglion
Ventral cochlear nucleus
Superior olive
Inferior colliculus
MGN
Cortex
Only ipsilateral at spiral.
29
Q

Olives and sound localization:

A

Medial superior - temporal

Lateral superior - intensity

30
Q

Perception of auditory space lives where?

A

Midbrain

31
Q

Anterolateral (vs dorsal column-medial lemniscus):

A

Pain and temperature, dorsal, decussate early.

32
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemniscus (vs anterolateral):

A

Mechanosensory, SC->medulla, decussate late.

33
Q

Lateral ventral horn (vs medial):

A

Motor cortex axons.

Fine motor control.

34
Q

Medial ventral horn (vs lateral):

A

Brainstem axons.

Posture, balance, orienting head/neck during visual shift.

35
Q

Corticospinal tract - lateral pathway:

A 
Motor cortex
Internal capsule
Midbrain
Pons
Pyramids
-- Decussation -- 
Lateral SC
36
Q

Hemiballismus is damage to what?

A

Subthalamic nucleus

37
Q

What’s active during REM?

A

Anterior cingulate, amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus, pontine tegmentum

38
Q

What’s inactive during REM?

A

Posterior cingulate, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

39
Q

How does muscle paralysis happen in REM?

A

GABA -> ACh -> Glu -> glycine -> shush motor neurons by hyperpol

40
Q

Things needed for LTP: (6)

A

Prolonged high frequency stimulus.
Coincidence of pre/post-synaptic activity.
Strong specific activity or weak associative activity beside strong.
Short term NMDA, long term AMPA.
PKC/CaMKII cascade.
Protein synthesis for very long term.

41
Q

Things needed for LTD:

A

Prolonged low frequency stimulation.
Slow Ca2+ rise.
Post-synaptic AP before pre.

42
Q

Cerebellar vs hippocampal LTD:

A

Cerebellum has no NMDA. Cerebellum uses kinase, hippocampal uses phosphatase.

HSC 350 (2 decks)

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