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Avian Biology > Avian Bio Final Exam > Flashcards

Avian Bio Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is domestication?

A

The process of selecting animals and/or plants for characteristics desired by humans.

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2
Q

What is taming?

A

No genetic or phenotype change by may be part of domestication process

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3
Q

Criteria for domestication

A 
Social hierarchy
Flexible diet
Availability
Good temperament
Ability/Willingness to breed in captivity
Not dangerous in captivity
Reasonably fast growth rate
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4
Q

Where were most animals domesticated?

A

The Fertile Crescent

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5
Q

What was the first animal to be domesticated?

A

Dog

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6
Q

What was the first animal to be domesticated for food?

A

Sheep

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7
Q

Why was the dog domesticated?

A

Companionship
Hunting
Herding
Transportation use

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8
Q

Which two domesticated animals had the most significant impact on human history?

A

Cow

Horse

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9
Q

Two locations who are thought to have domesticated chickens

A

Harrapan, Pakistan

Cishan, China

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10
Q

Name 4 types of Junglefowl

A

Red
Green
Gray
Ceylon

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11
Q

Which type of Junglefowl is believed to be the primary ancestor of domestic chickens?

A

Red

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12
Q

How did domestic chickens spread anciently?

A

From the Indian subcontinent when the Persian Empire under Cyrus conquered the area

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13
Q

Which empire had a well-developed poultry industry anciently?

A

Roman Empire

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14
Q

Empires that helped spread domestic chickens

A

Persian
Greek
Roman

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15
Q

Where were turkeys domesticated?

A

Pre-Columbian Mexico

American Southwest - Pueblo Indians

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16
Q

Where was the Pato or Muscovy duck domesticated?

A

South American Indians in Pre-Columbian times

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17
Q

Ways diseases can be spread

A

Cars/Visitors
Carriers
Airborne

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18
Q

All in/All out Production

A

They go in together

They come out together

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19
Q

How many teeth does a chicken have?

A

1 –> egg tooth

Then they lose it

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20
Q

2 Breeds of Pigeons for Commercial Pigeon production

A

White Kings

American Red and Yellow

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21
Q

Father of modern taxonomy

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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22
Q

Tallest bird of antiquity

A

Moa

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23
Q

Tallest bird today

A

Ostrich

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24
Q

Heaviest bird of antiquity

A

Elephant Bird

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25
Q

Oldest fossil of a bird and where and when it was discovered

A

Archaeopteryx lithographica
Bavaria
1861

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26
Q

Two ancient uses of chickens other than food

A

Cockfighting
War
Religion

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27
Q

How many orders of birds are there?

A

Living: 30
Extinct: 4

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28
Q

About how many species of birds are there?

A

10,000

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29
Q

Which order do chickens belong to?

A

Galliformes

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30
Q

Order of pigeons

A

Columbiformes

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31
Q

Order of waterfowl

A

Anseriformes

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32
Q

Order of turkeys

A

Galliformes

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33
Q

Order of quail

A

Galliformes

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34
Q

Order of Guinea fowl

A

Galliformes

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35
Q

Order of Pheasants

A

Galliformes

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36
Q

What is the scientific name of chickens

A

Gallus gallus

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37
Q

Scientific name of turkey

A

Meleagris gallopavo

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38
Q

Scientific name of quail

A

Coturnix: Coturnix coturnix
Bobwhite: Colinus virginianus

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39
Q

Scientific name of guinea fowl

A

Numida meleagris

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40
Q

Scientific name of ducks

A

Anas platyrhynchos

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41
Q

Scientific name of pigeon

A

Columba livia

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42
Q

Scientific name of goose

A

Anser anser

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43
Q

Scientific name of dove

A

Streptopelia

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44
Q

Scientific name of Swan

A

Cygnus cygnus

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45
Q

Scientific name of Peafowl

A

Pavo cristatus

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46
Q

Scientific name of pheasant

A

Phasianus colchicus

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47
Q

Ranking of Arkansas in turkeys, broilers, and egg production

A

Turkeys #3
Broilers #2
Eggs #10

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48
Q

What is a broiler?

A

Meat type chicken

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49
Q

What is vertical integration?

A

Allows company control of products and cost of production

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50
Q

What is the approximate value of the Arkansas poultry industry to the economy of Arkansas?

A

17 billion

40%

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51
Q

About how many jobs are created by the AR poultry industry?

A

1 in 4 jobs

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52
Q

Which two breeds contributed to modern broilers?

A

White Plymouth Rock

White Cornish

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53
Q

What does the poultry grower contribute to the growing birds compared to the poultry integrator?

A

House
Feed
Sanitation

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54
Q

Most of the cost of broiler production is what?

A

Feed

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55
Q

Do birds have a diaphragm?

A

no

56
Q

What are three components of the poultry industry?

A

Turkeys
Layers
Broilers

57
Q

Major advantages of vertical integration in the poultry industry?

A

You control it
Pricing
Contract producers shift burden of production facilities away from company
Increase cost of processing, but stabilized market

58
Q

What breed is used in commercial egg industry for white eggs? brown eggs?

A

White: White Leghorn
Brown: Rhode Island Red

59
Q

What has caused an increase in egg consumption?

A

Further processing

Not bad cholesterol

60
Q

How does the number of companies producing table eggs compare to number of broilers or turkeys?

A

Table egg companies are much larger than broilers or turkeys

61
Q

Where are most broilers produced in the US compared to table egg industry?

A

Broilers: In the South

Egg: Midwest,CA, AR, TX, & GA

62
Q

Are layer houses more or less expensive than broiler houses? Why?

A

Yes
Equipment needs: Cages, auto egg collector, feed and water lines, environmental controls, & computer technology to control egg flow

63
Q

What are a few characteristics of layers?

Weight, # of eggs produced, color, ect…

A 
3.6-4 lbs
White
250-280 eggs per year
small birds
prolific and efficient egg producers
64
Q

What are reasons for caging layers?

A 
Cleaner
Safer
Fewer broken eggs
Decrease potential of broodiness
Lighting
Increase bird density
65
Q

What are some unique characteristics of the turkey industry?

A

Artificial insemination
Raised sex-separate
Brooder rings

66
Q

Why does the turkey industry utilize artificial insemination?

A

Toms are so much larger than hens that the hens can’t take the rigors of natural mating

67
Q

Where is the most growth predicted to be in the broiler industry, domestic or export markets?

A

Export markets

68
Q

Families that pheasants belong to

A

Phasianidae

69
Q

Families that guinea fowl belong to

A

Numididae

70
Q

Families that ducks belong to

A

Anatidae

71
Q

Families that pigeons belong to

A

Columbidae

72
Q

Families that doves belong to

A

Columbidae

73
Q

Families that swan belong to

A

Anatidae

74
Q

Families that quail belong to

A

Coturnix: Phasianidae
Bobwhite: Odontophoridae

75
Q

Families that peafowl belong to

A

Phasianidae

76
Q

Families that turkey belong to

A

Phasianidae

77
Q

Families that chickens belong to

A

Phasianidae

78
Q

How many eggs will a guinea produce in the wild and commercially?

A

Wild: 60
Commercially: 170-200

79
Q

How many cervical vertebrae in a chicken?

A

14

80
Q

What is the synsacrum?

A

lumbar and sacral vertebrae

81
Q

What is the atlas

A

The first ring-shaped cervical bone

82
Q

What is the notarium

A

shoulder part of the bird

83
Q

What is the pygostyle

A

fused mass of vertebral

Some birds don’t have this

84
Q

Choana

A

slit-like opening in the hard palate at the roof of the mouth

85
Q

Cloaca

A

termination of the digestive systems

common passage for the digestive system, urinary, and reproductive systems of birds

86
Q

Proventriculus

A

Glandular stomach of the chicken
small papillal on the internal lining
Openings for the gastric glands

87
Q

Ventriculus

A

Muscular organ

serves as the muscular stomach of the chicken for grinding food

88
Q

Koilin

A

What the ventriculus is lined with
The grinding surface
Lining is removed during processing

89
Q

Meckels Diverticulum

A

Marks the end of the jejunal area of the intestines and beginning of the ileal region
Where yolk was attached

90
Q

Ingulvia

A

crop/craw

pouch that serves as a short-term storage site for food and adds moisture to food

91
Q

Pterylae

A

Feathered areas of tracts

92
Q

Molting

A

Feather loss

93
Q

Uropygial gland

A

gland on the dorsum near the tail that secrets oil for conditioning the feathers

94
Q

Thrombocyte

A

avain blood cell which functions in clotting similar to mammalian platelets

95
Q

Syrinx

A

voice box of bird

96
Q

Air sacs

A

thin clear membrane enclosed within the bones, thorax, and abdomen
connect the major bronchi entering the lungs
aid in breathing

97
Q

ureter

A

tube located in the kidney connects to the cloaco

carries urine from the kidneys to the cloaca

98
Q

Oviduct

A

part of the female reproductive system

terminates in the cloaca

99
Q

Know the 5 regions of the oviduct

A 
Infundibulum
Magnum
Isthmus 
Uterus
Vagina
100
Q

How many chambers are in the avian heart?

A

4

101
Q

How many air sacs in a chicken?

A

9 (4 paired, 1 unpaired)

102
Q

Superficial veins in a chicken

A

Jugular (neck)
Basilica (wing)
Ischiadic (Thigh region)

103
Q

ZZ vs ZW chromosomes

A

ZZ is male
ZW is female
Female determines sex

104
Q

Why are pubic bones not fused?

A

passing of eggs - to lay eggs

105
Q

How many muscles are in a bird? What types?

A

~ 190

Skeletal, cardiac, & smooth

106
Q

Function of the beak

A

Functions as lips and teeth

107
Q

Name a few different comb types.

A 
Pea
Single
Rose
Walnut
Cushion
Buttercup
V
108
Q

Unique things about the skin and bones of chickens

A

They’re thin compared to mammals
Semi transparent over most of the body
No sweat glands
Bones are hollow, air filled, light weight, and have fusion

109
Q

How many ovaries do chickens have?

A

2

110
Q

Incubation period for commercial ducks

A

28 days

111
Q

Incubation period for muscovy ducks

A

35 days

112
Q

Incubation period for pigeons

A

17-19 days

113
Q

Incubation period for quail

A

Bobwhite: 21-23 days
Coturnix: 15-16 days

114
Q

Incubation period for guinea fowl

A

26-28 days

115
Q

Incubation period for pheasants

A

24 days

116
Q

Leading producer of guinea fowl in Europe and in the world?

A

France

117
Q

What is a French Galor, certified guinea, Label Rouge guinea, and organic guinea?

A

Types of the marketed guinea if France

Have different ages they go to market

118
Q

French galor

A

Guinea fowl

170 eggs in 36 week lay period

119
Q

Certified guinea

A

82 days of age

120
Q

Label Rogue guinea

A

94 days

121
Q

Organic guinea

A

98 days

122
Q

What do people in the USA use guinea fowl for?

A

Watch dog for farms
Easy to alert and alarm
Pets
Insect control

123
Q

Where is the most US pigeon production?

A

West coast, mostly CA

124
Q

Where is the most US duck production?

A

Indiana

125
Q

Market ages for guineas

A

12-14 weeks

126
Q

Market ages for pigeons

A

28-30 days

127
Q

Market ages for ducks

A

Pekin: 41-45 days
Muscovy: 35 days

128
Q

Two breeds of pigeons used in commercial production

A

King pigeon
American red
Yellow carneaux

129
Q

Two breeds of ducks used in commercial production

A

Pekin

Muscovy

130
Q

How many eggs do commercial guinea fowl produce?

A

About 200 eggs in 36 weeks

131
Q

How many eggs do commercial pigeons produce?

A

15 in one year

132
Q

How many eggs do commercial ducks produce?

A

240-300 eggs in 52 weeks

133
Q

How are commercial ducks raised compared to chickens?

A

Similar to broilers in that truss housing is usually used for those totally confined, but they are housed in floor pens or barns, not cages

134
Q

Pigeons raised compared to chickens

A

form pair bonds and produce two eggs in a nest comprised of flimsy sticks arranged in a bowl on a ledge

135
Q

Guinea compared to chickens

A

Artificially inseminated and often raised in battery cages

Cost is higher than commercial broilers

Avian Biology (7 decks)

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