Chapter 5: cognitive development

Question 1

In the first two years of life, what does Piaget believe that toddlers do?

Answer 1

think with their eyes, ears, hands, and other sensorimotor equipment.

Question 2

According to Piaget, what can’t infants and toddlers do in their first two year?

Answer 2

carry out activities inside their head

Question 3

specific psychological structures - organised ways of making sense of experience are called?

Answer 3

schemes

Question 4

According to Piaget’s theory, what two processes account for changes in schemes?

Answer 4

adaptation and organisation

Question 5

____ involves building schemes through direct interaction with the environment.

Answer 5

adaption

Question 6

Adaption involves what two complementary activities?

Answer 6

assimilation and accommodation

Question 7

use our current schemes to interpret the external world:

Answer 7

assimilation

Question 8

Create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that our current ways of thinking do not capture the environment completely:

Answer 8

accommodation

Question 9

A process that takes place internally, apart from direct contact with the environment. Once children form schemes they rearrange them, thinking them with other schemes to create a strongly interconnected cognitive system:

Answer 9

organisation

Question 10

coordinated schemes deliberately to solve simple problems (8 - 12 months)

Answer 10

intention or goal-directed behaviour

Question 11

the understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight:

Answer 11

object permanence

Question 12

Internal depictions of information that the mind can manipulate:

Answer 12

mental representation

Question 13

What are the two kinds of mental representation?

Answer 13

images and concepts

Question 14

the ability to remember and copy the behaviour of models who are not present:

Answer 14

deferred imitation

Question 15

children act out everyday and imaginary activities:

Answer 15

make-believe play

Question 16

a realisation that words can be used to cue mental images of things not physically present, occurs around the first birthday:

Answer 16

displaced reference

Question 17

Infants have poorer performance after a video than a live demonstration:

Answer 17

video deficit effect

Question 18

babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems. Each of these prewired understandings permits a ready grasp of new, related information and therefore supports early, rapid development:

Answer 18

core knowledge perspective

Question 19

most of us cannot retrieve events that happened to us before age 3

Answer 19

infantile amnesia

Question 20

Which theory emphasises that children live in rich social and cultural contexts that affect the way their cognitive world is structured?

Answer 20

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

Question 21

a range of taste too difficult for the child to do alone but possible with the help of more skilled partners:

Answer 21

zone of proximal development

Question 22

the child attends to the same object as the caregiver:

Answer 22

joint attention

Question 23

When young children first learn words, they sometimes apply them too narrowly, an error called?

Answer 23

underextension

Question 24

applying a word to a wider collection of objects and events than is appropriate:

Answer 24

overextension

Question 25

two-word utterances

Answer 25

telegraphic speech

Question 26

vocal that mainly consists of words that refer to objects:

Answer 26

referential style

Question 27

a form of communication made up of short sentences with high-pitched, exaggerated expression, clear pronunciation, distinct pauses and repetition:

Answer 27

infant-directed speech

Question 28

A way of adapting first schemes, the newborn’s reflexes gradually transform into the flexible action patterns of the older infant:

Answer 28

circular reaction

Question 29

What are the main cognitive achievements in the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 29

circular reaction, intentional/ goal directed behaviour and beginning to understand object permanence.

Question 30

When is a child able to form mental representations, use deferred imitation and make believe play?

Answer 30

18 - 24 months

Question 31

What changes in attention, memory, and categorisation tai enlace during the first two years?

Answer 31

sustained attention is improved, recognition memory, recall,

Question 32

Chomsky’s nativist theory says what?

Answer 32

children are naturally endowed with a language acquisition device (lad)

Question 33

What are the major language milestones in the first 2 years?

Answer 33

cooing at 2 months, babbling at about 6 months. 10/11 months joint attention.

Question 34

When do toddlers say their first word?

Answer 34

12 months