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PCM 4 FINAL TEST EVER > US > Flashcards

US Flashcards

1
Q

3 different types of probe

A
  1. linear probe
  2. curvilinear probe
  3. echo probe (phased array)
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2
Q

linear probe

  • frequency
  • scanning area
  • probe of choice for
A
  1. freq: high freq -> maintain resolution, less penetration
  2. scanning area: limited to size of probe
  3. probe of choice for vascular access, soft tissue and MSK, venous compression studies
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3
Q

curvilinear probe

  • frequency
  • scanning area
  • probe of choice for
A
  1. freq: low -> decrease resolution, increased penetration
  2. scanning: large area
  3. probe of choice for abdominal, retroperitoneal, OB/GYN
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4
Q

echo probe

  • frequency
  • scanning area
  • probe of choice for
A
  1. freq: low
  2. scanning: smaller than curvilinear
  3. probe of choice for cardiac studies
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5
Q

attenuation definition

A

loss of US energy (weakening) as it moves through a medium, resulting in decrease intensity and amplitude

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6
Q

attenuation is determined by

A

frequency of the sound and the distance that the sound wave travels (increase freq and distance -> increase attenuation)

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7
Q

attenuation occurs by

A
  1. absorption - primary component of attenuation in soft tissue
  2. reflection
  3. scattering - if boundary between media is irregular, wave is reflected in a number of different directions (ex: lung tissue)
  4. refraction - redirection of part of the sound wave when it crosses from one medium to another (bends the US wave, like when dip pencil in water)
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8
Q

impedance definition

A

how much resistance US beam encounters as it passes through a tissue

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9
Q

impedance depends on

A
  1. density of tissue (increase density -> increase impedance)
  2. speed of the sound wave
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10
Q

common artifacts

A
  1. attenuation shadow
  2. scatter
  3. ring down
  4. acoustic enhancement
  5. reverberation
  6. mirror image artifact
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11
Q

attentuation shadow caused by

A

region behind dense structure appears dark since few sound wave propagate into and return from that region

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12
Q

ring down caused by

A

fluid trapped between gas bubbles

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13
Q

acoustic enhancement caused by

A

sound wave intensify as it passes through fluid, thus region deep to fluid filled structure appears brighter than surrounding areas

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14
Q

reverberation caused by? examples?

A
  1. cause: sound waves bounce back and forth between closely spaced, highly reflective surfaces
  2. ex: saline implant, metal needle, comet tails (caused by gas collection along pleura, peritoneum, or bowel wall)
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15
Q

mirror image artifact definition

A

produces false images of adjacent organ (ex: diaphragm and liver)

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16
Q

how to tell it is a mirror image

A

disappear and appear with changes in the position of the transducer

17
Q

septic shock:
cardiac
IVC
aorta

A
  1. hyperdynamic L ventricle, narrow IVC, normal aorta

2. hypodynamic L ventricle in late sepsis, collapse IVC, normal aorta

18
Q

cardiogenic shock:
cardiac
IVC
aorta

A

cardiac: hypodynamic L ventricle
IVC: normal
aorta: normal

19
Q

hypovolemic shock:
cardiac
IVC
aorta

A

cardiac: hyperdynamic L ventricle
IVC: narrow/collapse IVC
aorta: ?AAA

20
Q

obstructive shock (cardiac tamponade):
cardiac
IVC
aorta

A

cardiac: pericardial fluid
IVC: variable
aorta: normal

21
Q

obstructive shock (PE):
cardiac
IVC
aorta

A

cardiac: dilated R ventricle
IVC: dilated IVC
aorta: normal

22
Q

kidneys

A
  1. medial to liver on the R

2. surrounded by bright capsule and medulla, dark cortex

23
Q

pancreas

A
  1. body lies anterior to splenic vein and SMA

2. head lies anterior to confluence of portal and splenic vein

24
Q

aorta

A

dark structure in front of bright vertebrae

25
Q

IVC

A
  1. oval structure L of aorta

2. changes shape depending on respiration

26
Q

bladder

A
  1. uterus posterior to bladder

2. hypoechoic

27
Q

heart chambers

A
  1. subxiphoid view - R side of heart closer to transducer
  2. long axis parasternal view - ventricles
  3. short axis parasternal - ventricles and mitral valves
  4. apical view - ventricles near transducer, R ventricles small than L ventricles
28
Q

lung/ribs

A
  1. sliding sign
  2. A line reverberation, B line reverberation (comet tails)
  3. seashore on M-mode
  4. pleural line (bright line below the ribs)
  5. ribs (dark circles closest to tranducer)
  6. mirror image of liver
29
Q

bone

A
  1. periosteum of bone - far field reverberation artifact

2. seagull sign - formed by articular structures

30
Q

mm

A

appears dark

31
Q

nerves

A

honeycomb effect - clusters of dark fasicles surrounded by bright epineurium and perineurium

32
Q

tendon

A
  1. densely packed parallel fibers
  2. aisotropy - bright when beam is perpendicular to tendon, dark when beam at acute angle (can be mistaken for vascular structures so use both long and short axis)
33
Q

cholelithiasis/gallstones

A

stone appears bright with shadow behind it

34
Q

pneumothorax

A
  1. no sliding

2. bar code sign

35
Q

intraperitoneal free fluid

A

dark areas in recess

  1. hepatorenal recess - dark b/w kidney and liver
  2. splenorenal recess - dark b/w kidney and spleen
  3. suprapubic recess - dark b/w bladder and uterus
36
Q

flat IVC

A

completely collapsed, suggest intravascular volume depletion and low central venous pressure

PCM 4 FINAL TEST EVER (8 decks)

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