Demography

Question 1

What are the focus points of individual perspective?

Answer 1

Health
Risk factors
Exposure
Causal mechanism

Question 2

What are the focus points of population perspective?

Answer 2

Disorders
Causal mechanism
Exposure

Question 3

Which perspective does epidemiology focus on?

Answer 3

Population perspective

Question 4

Which of the following are classed as ‘proximal’ and ‘distal’ in the run up to disease

Individual level factors
Population level factors

Answer 4

Individual: proximal - immediate precursor of the health outcome

Population: distal - determine the presence of individual factors of disease

Question 5

What are some key health related demographic events?

Answer 5

Birth
Marriage
Migration
Ageing
Death

Question 6

What are some reasons for the delay in giving birth between 1960-present

Answer 6

Contraception more accessible

More women becoming educated

Question 7

What is the birth rate?

Answer 7

The ratio of the number of births during a time period divided by a reference population

Question 8

What is the crude birth rate?

Answer 8

Total number of live births / total population mid year

Question 9

Why is the mid year population used in some formula?

Answer 9

If the population is steadily growing the mid year population is an average number of people in the population at any given day

Question 10

What is the general fertility rate?

Answer 10

Expresses the number of births in a year relative to the number of women of reproductive age

Question 11

What must a comparison of mortality rates account for?

Answer 11

The age and gender distributions of the groups being compared

Question 12

What is life expectancy also seen as?

Answer 12

A summary of mortality rates at a given age

Question 13

What are some factors which explain the increase in life expectancy between 1920-present

Answer 13

Improvements in nutrition, hygiene, living conditions, education, immunisations and reductions in maternal mortality

Question 14

What is the period life expectancy?

Answer 14

At a given age for an area is the average number of years a person would live.

Question 15

What is the cohort life expectancy?

Answer 15

Calculated using age-specific mortality rates that allow for known or projected changes in mortality in later years and are thus regarded as a more appropriate measure of how long a person of a given age would be expected to live, on average, than period life expectancy.

Question 16

What is the pattern of migration seen, since 2000

Answer 16

Cyclic

Question 17

What is a population pyramid?

Answer 17

A representation of age strata by using stacked bars

Question 18

What does the width of a population pyramid bar indicate?

Answer 18

Corresponds to the proportion of men or women depending on which side

Question 19

What are the features of a rapid growth pyramid?

Answer 19

Wide to narrow (The Shard)

Question 20

What are the features of a slow growth pyramid?

Answer 20

Similar widths to narrow (Big Ben)

Question 21

What are the features of a decrease pyramid?

Answer 21

Narrow - wide - narrow

Question 22

What does comparing population pyramids show?

Answer 22

Rise and falling birth rates and population ageing populations

Question 23

What is the rate of natural increase?

Answer 23

The difference between the birth and death rate

Question 24

What is the demographic transition?

Answer 24

A general pattern of changes in death rates, population growth and birth rates that appears during the process of modernisation

Question 25

What are the 4 stages of the demographic transition?

Answer 25

1. pre-transition period - birth and death rates high
2. Transition period - death rates begin to fall but birth rate remains high
3. birth rate begins to decline and exceeds decline in death rate
4. Birth rate joins death rate

Question 26

What is the TFR?

Answer 26

The total fertility rate - how man children, on average, a woman will have during her reproductive lifetime