Practical exam Flashcards
When is aspiration always used?
Voiceless stops /p,t,k/ are aspirated when they are syllable initial
When is aspiration NOT used?
When an /s/ is in a consonant cluster e.g. “stew”
When does devoicing occur?
- Voiced Obstruents (plosive, fricatives and affricates) /b,d,g,v, ð,z, ʒ,dʒ / at the end or beggining of utterances or next to a voiceless sound.
- The approximants /w,r,j,l/ are at least partially voiceless when they occur after initial /p,t,k/
What happens when a voiceless plosive is followed by a voice approximant?
No aspiration, the voiced approximant becomes devoiced.
When do /n/ and /m/ use their labiodental allophones?
When there occur before /f/ and /v/
When does lip rounding occur?
Consonants are labialised (rounded) when they occur immediately before /u/ or /w/. They are also partially rounded before /ʃ/ or /r/.
When do consonants become advanced?
- Alveolar consonants (t,d,n,s,z..) become dentals before dental (sometimes after) consonants
- Velar stops (k,g,ŋ)become more fronted when preceding a fronted vowel.
Front vowels are: (i,ɪ, eɪ,j)
When are velar consonants retracted?
When they proceed (and sometimes after) backed vowels. Back vowels include:
(u,ʊ,w)
What type of consonants are retracted when they occur before and sometimes after backed vowels?
Velar!
What type of consonants are fronted when they occur before and sometimes after fronted vowels?
Velar!
When do plosives have no audible release?
In the final position, next to a pause, plosives may not be audible.
When does glottalisation occur?
In many speakers of English, syllable final voiceless plosive/p,t,k/ are accompanied by a glottal stop.
- stops voicing…
What diacritics do we need to know?
voiceless,labalization, aspiration, advanced, retracted, velarized, glottalised,syllabic, labiodental allophones, dental, nasalised, no audible release
Write down the plosives in order.
p,b,t,d,ʈ,ɖ,c,ɟ,k,g,q,G,ʔ
Write all the nasals out in order.
m,n,ɳ,ɲ,ŋ,ɴ
