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LAB 2 :) Flashcards

1
Q

Open-circuit spirometry is Invasive or non-invasive.

A

non-invasive.

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2
Q

Open-circuit spirometry is Invasive or non-invasive.

A

non-invasive.

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3
Q

Basic values obtained form the system.

A

The basic values obtained from the system are: minute ventilation (VE), inspired O2 and CO2 fractions (FiO2 and FiCO2) and expired O2 and CO2 fractions (FeO2 and FeCO2).

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4
Q

This lab setup is used to determine the very popular VO2 max wherein a subject is asked to exercise until his/her __________________ peaks.

A

oxygen consumption

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5
Q

What is this VO2 test for?

A

This is the preferred method for establishing an individual’s aerobic capacity and assesses an individual’s ability to use the aerobic energy system.

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6
Q

Which are the 2 variables are of particular interest when assessing one’s aerobic fitness level?

A

VO2 max value

Ventilatory threshold

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7
Q

Explain the VO2 max value.

A

The VO2 max value is simply the maximal amount of oxygen an individual’s body can use per minute (L/min).

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8
Q

How do you grade a subject’s max VO2 value?

A

the obtained score is compared to normative data.

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9
Q

What is the ventilatory threshold?

A

The ventilatory threshold is the point of a VO2 max test where pulmonary ventilation increases disproportionately relative to increases in oxygen consumption (i.e., marked increase in the VE/VO2 ratio).

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10
Q

Ventilatory threshold is the point at which the volume of ventilation is no longer directly associated to the ________________________.

A

body’s oxygen requirements.

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11
Q

Lactic acid has which by-product?

A

CO2

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12
Q

Excess CO2 stimulates what?

A

ventilation, therefore Ve/VO2

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13
Q

The “lactate threshold” is the point at which the highest exercise intensity is achieved with _____ mMol increase in blood [lactate].

A
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14
Q

“Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation” (OBLA) is said to occur when blood [lactate] reaches _____ mMol.

A

4.0

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15
Q

Method of drawing blood sampled throughout the VO2 test is invasive or non-invasive.

A

Invasive.

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16
Q

The VT can be expressed in which 3 ways?

A

The VT can be expressed in various ways:

1) As a % of the individual’s VO2 max when the VT occurred. 2) As a heart rate when the VT occurred.
3) As a speed, load or effort level when the VT occurred.

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17
Q

Beyond the VT, the individual will….

A

quickly lead to exhaustion

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18
Q

If the output indicates that your HR was 160 bpm when your VT occurred, you know that exercising at 160 bpm is sustainable, but beyond this value,…….

A

you will quickly fatigue and have to stop because of the accumulation of lactate.

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19
Q

If the VO2 max test indicates that your VO2 max is 50 ml/kg/min and your VT occurs at 40 ml/kg/min, what does this mean?

A

This means that you are able to “access” 80% of your VO2 max value. You may want to use this information to adapt your training regimen in the hope of increasing the proportion of your VO2 max that can be effectively used.

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20
Q

What is measured before the test begins?

A

height and weight

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21
Q

What remains constant during the test and what changes?

A

Remains constant: speed

Changes: workload (intensity)

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22
Q

How is the workload (intensity) increased?

A

2.5% every 2 minutes

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23
Q

When does the test stop? (5 things)

A

a) The data shows that the VO2 max of the subject has been reached.
b) The subject becomes exhausted (RPE >17).
c) The Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) is maintained above 1.10.
d) The individual’s calculated maximal heart rate has been reached.
e) The subject wants to stop.

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24
Q

VO2 equation

A

VO2 =(VI x%O2I)-(VE x%O2E)

VI = the volume of inspired air, L/min STPD (to assess, use the Haldane transformation, see below)
%O2I = the percent or fraction of oxygen in the inspired air (see data sheet)
%O2E = the percent or fraction of oxygen in the expired air (see data sheet)
VE = the volume of expired air, L/min STPD (see data sheet)
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25
Q

What is STPD?

A

Standard temperature pressure dry:
refers to the fact that gases expand and contract in response to changes in temperature, barometric pressure, and relative humidity.

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26
Q

Why do we need to standardise all of the volumes of inhaled and exhaled gases in the world?

A

to be able to directly compare results obtained from different sources (i.e., different labs from different countries)

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27
Q

What does the haldane transformation affect?

A

amount of air one inspired during the VO2 max test.

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28
Q

Haldane transformation equation

A

VI, STPD = VE, STPD x (%N2E/%N2I)

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29
Q

How do you calculate %N2I?

A

%N2I = 100% - (%O2I + %CO2I)
(Use decimals and not percentages in equations)
= 1.00 - (0.2093 + 0.0003)
= 0.7904 (or 79.04% when you re-convert to %)
(Do the same to obtain %N2E)

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30
Q

What is respiratory quotient?

A

The RQ provides a convenient guide for approximating the nutrient mixture
catabolized for energy during rest and/or exercise.

31
Q

When CHO is being catabolized, what is the difference between CO2 and O2 produced?

A

the amount of carbon dioxide produced equals the amount of oxygen used.

32
Q

When fat is being catabolized, what is the difference between CO2 ans O2 produced?

A

the amount of carbon dioxide produced is less than the amount of oxygen used.

33
Q

RQ equation

A

RQ = VCO2 L/min OVER VO2 L/min

34
Q

An RQ indicative of pure CHO utilisation is

A

1.00

35
Q

An RQ indicative of pure fat utilisation is

A

0.70

36
Q

VCO2 equation

A

VCO2 = VE (%CO2E - %CO2I)

Where,
%CO2I = is the percent or fraction of carbon dioxide in inspired air (see data sheet)
%CO2E = is the percent or fraction of carbon dioxide in expired air (see data sheet)

37
Q

Basic values obtained form the system.

A

The basic values obtained from the system are: minute ventilation (VE), inspired O2 and CO2 fractions (FiO2 and FiCO2) and expired O2 and CO2 fractions (FeO2 and FeCO2).

38
Q

This lab setup is used to determine the very popular VO2 max wherein a subject is asked to exercise until his/her __________________ peaks.

A

oxygen consumption

39
Q

What is this VO2 test for?

A

This is the preferred method for establishing an individual’s aerobic capacity and assesses an individual’s ability to use the aerobic energy system.

40
Q

Which are the 2 variables are of particular interest when assessing one’s aerobic fitness level?

A

VO2 max value

Ventilatory threshold

41
Q

Explain the VO2 max value.

A

The VO2 max value is simply the maximal amount of oxygen an individual’s body can use per minute (L/min).

42
Q

How do you grade a subject’s max VO2 value?

A

the obtained score is compared to normative data.

43
Q

What is the ventilatory threshold?

A

The ventilatory threshold is the point of a VO2 max test where pulmonary ventilation increases disproportionately relative to increases in oxygen consumption (i.e., marked increase in the VE/VO2 ratio).

44
Q

Ventilatory threshold is the point at which the volume of ventilation is no longer directly associated to the ________________________.

A

body’s oxygen requirements.

45
Q

Lactic acid has which by-product?

A

CO2

46
Q

Excess CO2 stimulates what?

A

ventilation, therefore Ve/VO2

47
Q

The “lactate threshold” is the point at which the highest exercise intensity is achieved with _____ mMol increase in blood [lactate].

A

less than 1.0

48
Q

“Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation” (OBLA) is said to occur when blood [lactate] reaches _____ mMol.

A

4.0

49
Q

Method of drawing blood sampled throughout the VO2 test is invasive or non-invasive.

A

Invasive.

50
Q

The VT can be expressed in which 3 ways?

A

The VT can be expressed in various ways:

1) As a % of the individual’s VO2 max when the VT occurred. 2) As a heart rate when the VT occurred.
3) As a speed, load or effort level when the VT occurred.

51
Q

Beyond the VT, the individual will….

A

quickly lead to exhaustion

52
Q

If the output indicates that your HR was 160 bpm when your VT occurred, you know that exercising at 160 bpm is sustainable, but beyond this value,…….

A

you will quickly fatigue and have to stop because of the accumulation of lactate.

53
Q

If the VO2 max test indicates that your VO2 max is 50 ml/kg/min and your VT occurs at 40 ml/kg/min, what does this mean?

A

This means that you are able to “access” 80% of your VO2 max value. You may want to use this information to adapt your training regimen in the hope of increasing the proportion of your VO2 max that can be effectively used.

54
Q

What is measured before the test begins?

A

height and weight

55
Q

What remains constant during the test and what changes?

A

Remains constant: speed

Changes: workload (intensity)

56
Q

How is the workload (intensity) increased?

A

2.5% every 2 minutes

57
Q

When does the test stop? (5 things)

A

a) The data shows that the VO2 max of the subject has been reached.
b) The subject becomes exhausted (RPE >17).
c) The Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) is maintained above 1.10.
d) The individual’s calculated maximal heart rate has been reached.
e) The subject wants to stop.

58
Q

VO2 equation

A

VO2 =(VI x%O2I)-(VE x%O2E)

VI = the volume of inspired air, L/min STPD (to assess, use the Haldane transformation, see below)
%O2I = the percent or fraction of oxygen in the inspired air (see data sheet)
%O2E = the percent or fraction of oxygen in the expired air (see data sheet)
VE = the volume of expired air, L/min STPD (see data sheet)
59
Q

What is STPD?

A

Standard temperature pressure dry:
refers to the fact that gases expand and contract in response to changes in temperature, barometric pressure, and relative humidity.

60
Q

Why do we need to standardise all of the volumes of inhaled and exhaled gases in the world?

A

to be able to directly compare results obtained from different sources (i.e., different labs from different countries)

61
Q

What does the haldane transformation affect?

A

amount of air one inspired during the VO2 max test.

62
Q

Haldane transformation equation

A

VI, STPD = VE, STPD x (%N2E/%N2I)

63
Q

How do you calculate %N2I?

A

%N2I = 100% - (%O2I + %CO2I)
(Use decimals and not percentages in equations)
= 1.00 - (0.2093 + 0.0003)
= 0.7904 (or 79.04% when you re-convert to %)
(Do the same to obtain %N2E)

64
Q

What is respiratory quotient?

A

The RQ provides a convenient guide for approximating the nutrient mixture
catabolized for energy during rest and/or exercise.

65
Q

When CHO is being catabolized, what is the difference between CO2 and O2 produced?

A

the amount of carbon dioxide produced equals the amount of oxygen used.

66
Q

When fat is being catabolized, what is the difference between CO2 ans O2 produced?

A

the amount of carbon dioxide produced is less than the amount of oxygen used.

67
Q

RQ equation

A

RQ = VCO2 L/min OVER VO2 L/min

68
Q

An RQ indicative of pure CHO utilisation is

A

1.00

69
Q

An RQ indicative of pure fat utilisation is

A

0.70

70
Q

VCO2 equation

A

VCO2 = VE (%CO2E - %CO2I)

Where,
%CO2I = is the percent or fraction of carbon dioxide in inspired air (see data sheet)
%CO2E = is the percent or fraction of carbon dioxide in expired air (see data sheet)

71
Q

What is EE?

A

Energy expenditure is the amount of calories (kcals) used to perform a given activity or calories used over a certain period of time.

72
Q

How to calculate EE?

A

Find from table 8.1 under RQ level of individual, what O2 they’ve expended in kcal/L.

Take that value times their VO2max value… this will equal EE

73
Q

How to calculate grams of carb used

A

find it under RQ row in table, and times by VO2

g/min!

74
Q

How to calculate grams of fat used

A

find it under RQ row in table, and times by VO2

g/min!

berg lab (3 decks)

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