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Clinical Pathology > Core Microbiology > Flashcards

Core Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

THINK SMART THEN FOCUS. For what?

A

Antibiotic stewardship

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2
Q

State the two most comomonly used antibiotic groups.

A

B-lactams
Glycopeptides

(both cell wall synthesis inhibitors)

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3
Q

Name the other antibiotic groups.

A

Aminoglycosides - Gentamicin

MLS: Macrolides, Lincosomides, Streptogramins

Tetracyclines
Oxalidinones - Linezolid

(All protein synthesis inhibitors)

Quionolines & Fluroquinolones (DNA synthesis inhibtors

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4
Q

What drug amongst others is commonly used to treat TB?

A

Rifampicin

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5
Q

List 8 common side effects of antibiotics

A 
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Skin rash
Allergic reaction
C. dificile
FUNGAL INFECTIONS
RESISTANCE
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6
Q

How is antibiotic resistance spread?

A

Resistance genes in TRANSPOSONS via plasmids

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7
Q

Are virus’ intracellular or extracellular organisms?

A

Intracellular

  • Take over cells and replicate itself then releases
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8
Q

Examples of chronic viral infections that are latent.

A

HSV

CMV

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9
Q

Whats the common stem in antiviral names?

A

“-vir-“

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10
Q

What are the 2 drugs used to treat Hep C?

A

Interferons

Ribavirin

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11
Q

State the 2 targets in antifungal drugs.

A

Ergosterol - cell membrane

B-1,3 Glycan - cell wall

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12
Q

There are 5 classes of antifungal drugs. What spectrum are they?

A

All BROAD SPECTRUM

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13
Q

What are the 5 classes of antifungal drugs?

A

Polyenes

Allylamine (inhibit ergosterol synthesis)

Azoles (inhibit ergosterol synthesis)

Echinocandins (inhibit B-1,3 glucan synthase)

Others

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14
Q

Amphotericin B is a polyene antifungal. It is used as lipid-associated AmB. Why?

A

Reduce nephrotoxicity and allergic reactions

  • used IV, systemic fungal infections
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15
Q

What drug is an allylamine? What is it used for?

A

Terbinafine

  • dermaphtye infections
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16
Q

Azoles consist of what 2 subtypes? Which one is less toxic and therefore given IV/oral?

A

Imidazoles

Triazoles* - Fluconzole, Itraconazole

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17
Q

Clotrimazole (in Canistan) is an example of an Imidazole drug. What type of infections is it used for?

A

Dermaphyte infections

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18
Q

What are the 2 adverse effects of azoles?

A

Heptaotoxicity

Drug interactions - inhibits CYP450 - increases [drugs]

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19
Q

Which antigfunals require therapeutic drug monitoring?

A

5-FC, Itraconzole

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20
Q

What are the man ways a child can present with a viral infection?

A

Fever + rash

Respiratory symptomes

Diarrhoea/Vomiting

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21
Q

The “slapped cheek” appearence is caused by what?

What are the other symptoms?

A

Parovirus B19

Fever + rash
Arthralgia
Respiratory

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22
Q

What is a very common virus that causes bronchiolitis in almost all by 1yr?

A

Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV)

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23
Q

How are most viral infections in children investigated?

A

PCR

Swab

24
Q

Most viru’s in children are self-limiting and managed supportively, rehydrating. However, some viruses require treatment. Which ones are they and their drugs?

A

Chicken pox - Aciclovir

Adenovirus - Cidofovir onyl if IMMUNOCOMPROMISED

Measles - antibiotics only if SUPERINFECTION

25
Q

What are examples of Helminth infections?

A

Schistosomiasis

Ascariasis

Hydatid disease

26
Q

Ascariasis has is causes by an intestinal worm and has 2 phases. What are they?

A

INTESTINAL PHASE

LUNG MIGRATION: Loefflers syndrome = dry cough, SOB, wheeze, haemoptysis

27
Q

Albendazole is used to treat what parasitic infection?

A

Ascariasis

A for Albendazole

28
Q

What helminth infections presents as

  1. swimmers itch
  2. Katayama fever - reaction when worm enters blood
  3. (Chronic…)
A

Schistosomiasis

29
Q

What are the complications of Schistosomiasis?

A

Bladder problems –> cancer

Liver cirrhosis

30
Q

What infection is caused by Enchinococcus and produces cysts in LIVER/lungs?

A

Hydatid disease

31
Q

If untreated schistosomias can become chronic. What is the treatment?

A

Praziquantel

32
Q

Malaria and Crytosporidiosis are examples of what?

A

Protozoal parasitic infections

33
Q

What acroynm is used to remember the clincal presentation of malaria?

A

FALCIPARUM

Fever
AKI
Low sugar
Confusion, coma
I - DIC
Pulmonary odema
Anameia, abdo
Retinopathy
Metabolic acidosis
34
Q

How would malaria be investigated?

A

Serology

PCR

35
Q

Cryptosporidiosis is contracted by the faecal-oral root like Ascariasis. What symptoms?

A

Watery diarrhoea

Non-spefiic GI: nausea, vomiting, fever, bloating, cramps

36
Q

Treatment for Cryptosporidiosis?

A

Fluids

Nitrazoxanide

37
Q

How are most parasitic infections investigated?

A

Stool sample

Serology

38
Q

Whch viral infection is characteristised as 3C’s + erythematous rash + fever?

When is it infective?

A

Measles

4 days pre-rash –> 4 days post-rash

39
Q

Which common infection presents as fever + rash + foot/mouth/hand disease, that needs to EXCLUDE MENINGITIS?

A

Enteroviral infections

40
Q

Adenovirus is common in children and adults. What are the 3 main symptoms?

A

Mild URTI
Conjunctivitis
Diarrhoea

41
Q

Which 2 common viruses present as vomitting and diarrhoea?

A

Rotavirus

Norovirus

(PCR, Rehydration)

42
Q

List some antibitoics suitable for those with penicillin allergies.

A

Erythromycin
Clarithromycin
Vancomycin
Linezolid

43
Q

Define the following terms:

  • Bacteristatic
  • Bactericidal
  • Minimum inhibitory [c]
A

Bacteristatic = inhibit growth (protein synthesis inhibitors)

Bactericidal = kill bacteria (cell wall agents)

MIC - minimum [antibiotic] visibly inhibiting growth

44
Q

β-lactam/aminoglycoside to treat Strep Endocarditis is an example of what?

A

Synergism

2 antibiotics given together > sum of individual

45
Q

Which component of bacteria cell wall is in both gram +ve/-ve?

Which 2 drugs inhibit cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycan

B-lactams
Glycopeptides

46
Q

Quinolones e.g. Ciprofloxacin, Fluroquinolones, Trimethoprim have a mode of action of what?

A

DNA synthesis inhibitors

47
Q

Which antibiotics are protein synthesis inhibitors? (bacteristatic)

A

Aminoglycosides (G)
MLS
Tetracyclines
Oxazolidinones

48
Q

Rifampicin is an RNA synthesis inhibitor. T/F?

A

T

49
Q

The 4C’s represent COMMON precipitating antibiotics for C.dif. What are they?

A

Co-amoxiclav
Cephalosporins
Ciprofloxacin
Clindamycin

ANY ANTIBIOTICS CAN CAUSE C.DIF

50
Q

Key antibiotics for specific infections…?

A

Flucloxacillin - S. aureus (not MRSA)
Benzylpenicillin – S.pyogenes
Cephalosporins (avoid in elderly) – Gram-ve bacilli
Metronidazole – anaerobes
Vancomycin – Gram-positives (MRSA)
Meropenem – most clinically-relevant bacteria
Colistin – last option for multi-resistant Gram-negatives

51
Q

State reasons for combining antibiotics.

A
  1. Increase efficacy
  2. Provide adequate broad spectrum
  3. Reduce resistance
52
Q

The anti-virals NRTIs consist of Pyrimidine/ Purine analogues.

Zidovudine and Lamivudine are examples of what?

A

Pyrimidines

Abacavir, Tenofovir for purine analogues

53
Q

Nevirapine, Efavirenz are examples of which anti-viral?

A

NNRTIs

54
Q

What antibiotics is last line for multi-resistant enterococci?

A

Meropenem

55
Q

Common drug used to treat CMV?

A

Ganciclovir

Clinical Pathology (13 decks)

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