5.1 postharv packaging 🫙 Flashcards by Andrea Santos

▪ the technology or process that ensures adequate protection and safe delivery of a produce from the producer to the consumer

Packaging

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▪ the structure designed to contain a produce

Package

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▪ the act of putting commodities in a package

Packing

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✔ Contains a convenient ________________ of a produce

size or amount

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✔ Protects produce in transit from physical damage which affects _________________ appearance

external and internal

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✔ Displays the produce and promotes its ______ in self-service stores

sale

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▪ emphasizes the change in texture, color, and flavor

Injury

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▪ emphasizes the loss in value and usefulness

Damage

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▪ abnormal flavor, texture, odor, taste or color of the whole commodity or its parts
▪ due to unfavorable physical or chemical factors (i.e., very high or very low temperatures, too low oxygen or too high carbon dioxide level)
▪ caused by more than one factor

Physiological Disorders

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▪ refers to any abnormality

non-pathological disease

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▪ The inner pulp of a ripe fruit exhibits a whitish starchy area

Internal Breakdown of Mango

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▪ The pulp becomes soft while the peel remains green

Green Soft Disorder of Bananas

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▪ The area around the core becomes brown

Endogenous Brown Spot of Pineapples

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▪ The brownish discoloration near the vascular bundles of cassava

Vascular Streaking in Cassava

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▪ The development of green patches in the skin is associated with the formation of solanine

Greening of Potatoes

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Colletotrichum gloeosporoides

Anthracnose

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sunken black spots which enlarge as fruit ripens

Anthracnose

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Diploidia natalensis

Diploidia Stem-End Rot

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brown lesions at stem end

Diploidia Stem-End Rot

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Botryodiploidia theobromae, Thielaviopsis paradoxa, Colletotrichum musae, Fusarium roseum, Verticillium theobromae

Crown Rot Complex

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dark lesions at crown

Crown Rot Complex

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Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora

Bacterial Soft Rot

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soft mushy lesions with characteristic odor

Bacterial Soft Rot

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Anthracnose fruit affected:

Papaya
Mango
Banana

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Diploidia Stem-End Rot fruits affected:

Citrus Avocado Banana Mango

Crown Rot Complex fruits affected:

Banana Pineapple

Bacterial Soft Rot fruits affected:

Cabbage Chinese Cabbage Lettuce Pechay

▪ alteration in the appearance or shape of a commodity due to physical factors (i.e., dropping, throwing, pressing, or bouncing)

Mechanical Damage

▪ insect bites also result in ___________ damage

mechanical

Types of Mechanical Damage

Bruising Distortion Wounding Abrasion

▪ changes in texture, color, and/or flavor due to physical factors without any breakage in the skin

Bruising

▪ change in the shape of an intact fruit or vegetable not characteristic of the variety

Distortion

▪ when damage is accompanied by a break in the skin

Wounding

Wounding types:

Cut Puncture Crack Split

▪ penetration or division by the sharp edge of an object

cut

▪ a small hole or wound on the surface made by a pointed object or stems of other fruits

puncture

▪ division without complete separation of the parts

crack

▪ division or separation into parts regardless of the instrument or cause

split

▪ removal, scraping or separation of the skin from the pulp

Abrasion

Abrasion types:

Scuffing Skinning Feathering

▪ applies to tomatoes and potatoes

scuffing

▪ applies to potatoes, if only part of the skin is removed

skinning

▪ applies to potatoes if the separated skin is still attached to the unseparated skin

feathering

Sources of Damage:

Impact Pressure Vibration

▪ damage made by collision between produce and a hard surface

Impact

▪ occurs when produce undergoes rapid acceleration of deceleration (i.e., when fruits are dropped)

Impact

▪ the _______ the place from where it is dropped and the ______ times it is dropped, the ________ it deteriorates and rots

Impact higher; more; faster

▪ compression, top loading, or dead load

Pressure

▪ occurs when a heavy weight is placed on top of the commodity ▪ no physical movement is necessary for damage to occur

Pressure

▪ damage is caused by a very deep container, overpacking, packing in a weak container, or stacking fruits to high

Pressure

▪ as depth of package __________, the proportion of pressure damage __________

Pressure increases

▪ occurs when the produce is repeatedly shaken for prolonged periods during transportation

Vibration

▪ can be minimized by using rigid containers and limited movement of the base

Vibration

▪ _________ crates absorbs and dissipate the force

plastic

▪ damage is greatest at the _____ layer of the produce

Vibration top

▪ poor suspension system of trucks and rough roads will ________ vibration damage

increase

Kinds of Field and Shipping Packages:

Flexible Packages Semi-Rigid and Rigid Packages Burlap or Gunny Sack Mesh or Net Bag Polyethylene Bags Palm Leaf Bags Sacks of Woven Plastic Fabric Baskets Wooden Crates Cartons Plastic Crates Foamed Plastic Boxes Woodpaper Laminated Container

▪ useful for hard or bulky commodities ▪ bags and sacks

FLEXIBLE PACKAGES

▪ traditional usage has associated particular materials with a specific word like jute sacks or mesh bags

FLEXIBLE PACKAGES

▪ its protective capacity depends on the rigidity of the package

SEMI-RIGID AND RIGID PACKAGES

▪ a coarse cloth made of jute, flax, or hemp

BURLAP or GUNNY SACK

▪ easy to handle and has a good ventilation

BURLAP or GUNNY SACK

▪ suitable for potatoes since it admits air, can absorb moisture, prevents greening

BURLAP or GUNNY SACK

▪ difficulty of inspection and provides little protection

BURLAP or GUNNY SACK

▪ a non-rigid container of fibrous material and characterized by an open weave

MESH or NET BAG

▪ usually made of polypropylene filaments

MESH or NET BAGS

▪ often called by the color of the bag as red or orange bags

MESH or NET BAGS

▪ allows air to circulate around the bunch

MESH or NET BAGS

▪ commonly used as shipping containers in Thailand and the Philippines

POLYETHYLENE BAGS

▪ commodities stored in this bag can be transported at night from the highlands to a distant market

POLYETHYLENE BAGS

▪ do not provide protecti

POLYETHYLENE BAGS

▪ commonly used for field collection or for shipping small volumes of commodities to nearby markets

PALM LEAF BAGS

▪ used to make light weigh, strong, and durable plastic bags

SACKS OF WOVEN PLASTIC FABRIC

▪ usually recycled ▪ used for rice, fertilizer, or other materials

SACKS OF WOVEN PLASTIC FABRIC

▪ flexible or rigid containers woven from bamboo or rattan strips

BASKETS

▪ baskets made from splits from the outer rind of bamboo are usually _________

rigid

▪ the ________ woven types are usually less rigid than the _______ woven ones

loosely; tightly

▪ cheap and easily available ▪ light and easy to handle

BASKETS

▪ provide good ventilation

BASKETS

▪ _______ with sloping sides are _________

baskets; nestable

▪ ______ of produce value could be high since most designs get deformed easily

Baskets loss

▪ sides and bottom are usually rough or sharp ▪ bottom may not be stable ▪ do not utilize space too well

BASKETS

▪ a box is a solidly walled and usually rectangular shaped container

WOODEN CRATES

▪ made of slats or has open spaces at sides and bottoms

WOODEN CRATES

▪ made of sawn lumber, plywood, or bamboo

WOODEN CRATES

▪ it is rigid so it affords better protection especially for ______ storage period in cold rooms and long distance transport

WOODEN CRATES long

▪ a box made of cardboard, paperboard or fiber board which are made of paper sheets of varying thickness

CARTONS

▪ the cover is separate from the main carton

Cartons telescopic

▪ _________ the cover consists of 4 flaps which when folded acts as cover

Cartons open top

▪ attractive – presentable and printable

CARTONS

▪ damp environment or rain is unsuitable for ordinary _______

CARTONS

▪ for export: banana, citrus, avocado, mango, pineapple, melon, head lettuce, tomato, asparagus

CARTONS

▪ as master __________ for consumer packs

CARTONS

▪ could be returnable or one-trip packages

PLASTIC CRATES

▪ those which are not ________ are one-trip packages

Plastic Crates durable

▪ returnable plastic crates are used in a ________ marketing system

▪ very rigid, hence provides excellent protection from physical damage

PLASTIC CRATES

▪ the ________ crates need an effective mechanism for return

Plastic Crates returnable

▪ material used is plastic, either polystyrene or polyurethane made light and spongy

FOAMED PLASTIC BOXES

▪ usually for iced commodities transported in non-refrigerated vehicles

FOAMED PLASTIC BOXES

▪ for expensive commodities such as grapes or muskmelons

FOAMED PLASTIC BOXES

▪ offer maximum protection to produce

FOAMED PLASTIC BOXES

▪ provides a good ________ for produce shipped at ______ temperature

Foamed Plastic Boxes insulation; low

▪ frame is made of wood ▪ rest is made of veneer with kraft paper liner glued on the inner side

WOODPAPER LAMINATED CONTAINER

▪ cheaper than carton or bamboo basket

WOODPAPER LAMINATED CONTAINER

5.1 postharv packaging 🫙 Flashcards

(105 cards)