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biology > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Ecology

A

Is the study how living things relate to each other and to their environment

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2
Q

Community

A

All the plants and animals living in a particular place

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3
Q

Ecosystem

A

A community of living organisms interacting with one another and their non living environment within a particular arar

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4
Q

Biosphere

A

Is that part of the earth I habituated by living organisms

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5
Q

Population

A

A group of organisms of the same species

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6
Q

Habitat

A

Is the place within the ecosystem where an organism lives and where it is adapted

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7
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Non living factors

Temp, light intensity, PH, air speed, water current

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8
Q

Biotic factors

A

Living factors

Plants for food and shelter, predators, decomposers, prey, pollinators

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9
Q

Climatic factors

A

Weather conditions

Temp, rainfall, humidity, wind, day length

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10
Q

Edaphic

A

Soil

Soil type, soil PH, mineral content

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11
Q

Aquatic factors

A

Light penetration, wave action, currents

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12
Q

Sun

A

Primary source of energy

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13
Q

Energy flow

A

The pathway of energy transfer from one organism to the next in an ecosystem due to feeding

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14
Q

Feeding

A

Allows energy to glow from one organism to another

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15
Q

Food chain

A

Is a feeding relationship between organism through which energy can flow

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16
Q

Grazing food chain

A

One where the initial plant is living

Grass–>grasshoppers–>frogs–>hawks

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17
Q

Detritus food chain

A

Is one where the chain begins with dead organic matter and animal waste

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18
Q

Food web

A

A set of interconnecting food chains in a habitat

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19
Q

Producers

A

Are organisms capable of making their own food by photosynthesis

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20
Q

Primary producers

A

The first members of a food chain

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21
Q

Consumers

A

Are organisms that feed on other organisms

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22
Q

Consumers

A

Primary feed on producers
Secondary feed on primary
Tertiary feed on secondary

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23
Q

Tropic level

A

Position of an organism in a food chain

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24
Q

Pyramid of numbers

A

A diagram that represents the numbers of organism of each tropic level in a food chain

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25
Q

Niche

A

The functional rate or an organism in an ecosystem

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26
Q

Nutrient recycling

A

The way in which dead matter is broken down so that minerals in it are returned to the environment to be used again by new growing organisms in a continuous cycle

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27
Q

Role of bacteria in nitrogen cycle

A

Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert nitrogen gas into nitrates
Bacteria involved in decomposition convert nitrogen containing compounds into ammonia
Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia and nitrites and nitrates

28
Q

Population

A

All the individuals of the same species living in a habitat

29
Q

Factors that control population

A

Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Symbiosis

30
Q

Competition

A

Is when organisms ‘fight’ for the same resource which is in limited supply

31
Q

Type of competition

A

Contest

Scramble

32
Q

Contest competition

A

An active physical confrontation between two organisms where one wins the resource

33
Q

Scramble competition

A

Is where each organism tries to acquire as much as the resource as possible, all individuals get some of the resource

34
Q

Predator

A

An animal that catches kills and eats other animals

35
Q

Prey

A

Is the organism that a predator kills for food

36
Q

Effects of predation

A

Predation stabilised the community
Predators control the number of herbivores and prevent overgrazing
Predators eliminate less well adapted prey

37
Q

Predator adaptions

A

Good sighting/ sense of smell- enables predators to locate prey -hawk
Mouthparts- suited to catching certain prey-ladybird
Camouflage-to conceal predator while hunting
Migration- to find food which is in short supply
Ability to change diet- in the event of reduced numbers of prey

38
Q

Symbiosis

A

Where individuals of one species live near on or in individuals of another species for at least part of their life cycle

39
Q

Commensalism

A

Where one organism benefits from the relationship but has no effect on the other species
Eg nest in trees

40
Q

Mutualism

A

where both types of organism in a relationship benefit from it
Eg lichen an alga and a fungus

41
Q

Parasite

A

An organism that lives on or in another loving organism from which it obtains all its nutrition to the detriment of the host

42
Q

Host

A

The organism that a parasite lives on or in

43
Q

Exoparasites

A

Parasites outside of body

44
Q

Endoparasite

A

Parasite inside the body

45
Q

Population dynamics

A

Refers to the factors that cause changed to the numbers in a population

46
Q

Factors contribute to predator-prey relationships

A

Availability and abundance of food

Movement if prey and predators

47
Q

Factors affecting human population

A

Famine
War
Disease
Contraception

48
Q

Famine

A

Lack of food leads to malnutrition and death due to disease

Move about food distribution then food shortage

49
Q

Disease

A

Advances in disease control have helped reduce the death rate and increase human numbers
Vaccines
Antibiotics

50
Q

War

A

Reduces population

Temporary effects

51
Q

Contraception

A

Incred availability has reduced birth rates since 1960s

52
Q

Human impact on an Eco system beneficial: agriculture

A

Increased food production
Breeding genetic engineering of new species
Pest resistant crops

53
Q

Human impact on an Eco system beneficial: health +medicine

A

Improved foot preparation
Better water quality
Improved sewage

54
Q

Human impact on an Eco system beneficial: transport+communication

A

Tech has improved availability of info

  • weather
  • oil pollution
  • animal migration
55
Q

Human impact on an Eco system harmful: pollution

A

Transport
Electricity generation
Poor waste disposal

56
Q

Human impact on an Eco system harmful: shortage of certain resources

A

Answer^

57
Q

Human impact on an Eco system harmful: extinction of some species

A

^answer

58
Q

Pollution

A

Putting any substance into the environment that is harmful to life

59
Q

Pollutant

A

Substance which when out into the environment causes pollution

60
Q

Waste management

A 
Problems with waste disposal
Spreads disease
Contaminated water supplies
Eutrophication
Land fill sites
61
Q

Eutrophication

A

Is the over enrichment of water with nutrients

62
Q

Conservation

A

Protection and wise management of our environment

63
Q

Benefits of conservation

A

Existing environments are maintained
Endangered species are preserved
Balance of nature is maintained
Pollution and its effects are reduced

64
Q

decomposers

A

Break down matter in landfill site

65
Q

Mixed farming

A

Is a farming system where both are arable and pastoral farming is carried out

66
Q

Climate

A

Long term prevailing conditions

67
Q

Weather

A

Short term atmospheric conditions

biology (14 decks)

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