Lecture 20: The Human Genome

Question 1

Ahumancellhastwogenomes.Wherearethey?

Answer 1

1. Mitochondrial

2. Nuclear

Question 2

Whichofthehumangenomeshasmorespacebetweengenes?

Answer 2

Nuclear more space, mitochondrial VERY dense

Question 3

Canthemitochondriaproduceallthegenesitrequiresforfunction?

Answer 3

No. Depends on the nuclear genome for some proteins it needs. must be transferred from nuclear genome to mitochondrial.

Question 4

Approximatelyhowmanygenesarethereinthehumangenome?

Answer 4

25,000 genes

Question 5

• Approximatelyhowmuchofthenucleargenomeiscodingsequence?

Answer 5

1.5%

Question 6

Howmuchofthehumangenomeconsistsoftransposonsequences?

Answer 6

SINEs 13%

LINEs 20%

Question 7

What is a transposon?

Answer 7

Repetitive sequences in a nuclear genome
- a small piece of DNA that can insert itself in to another place in the genome
- an active piece of DNA that can move from place to place
CANNOT LEAVE YOUR CELL

Question 8

Canhumantransposonstranspose?

Answer 8

Yes

Question 9

What are retroviruses?

Answer 9

Use RNA as their genome. Infects your cells by attaching and then injecting their RNA and protein in.

Question 10

What are reverse transcriptase?

Answer 10

Takes the RNA in your genome and makes a DNA copy of it. This DNA copy joins with your DNA strand. This new strand is transcribed and translated, producing more reverse transcriptase. Cycle repeats.

Question 11

Whatistherelationshipbetweenaretrotransposonandaretrovirus?

Answer 11

Retroviruses give rise to retrotransposons

Question 12

WhatisthemajordifferencebetweenLINEsandSINEs?WhatismissinginaSINE?

Answer 12

Line: long
Sine: short; DOES NOT HAVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE; cannot move themselves

Question 13

Howdoesreversetranscriptasebreaktherulesofcentraldogma?

Answer 13

Rule is that DNA > RNA > PROTEINS

But in reverse transcriptase, it is RNA > DNA > RNA > PROTEINS

Question 14

• Givethreeexamplesoftheapplicationsofgenomics

Answer 14

1. Identify new genes
2. Identify a human disease “gene”
3. identify human genes to compare to other species

Question 15

DuringthesearchforthedefectivegenecausingearlyonsetAlzheimerdisease,whatstages
requiredthehumangenomesequence?

Answer 15

?

Question 16

WhatisaSNPandhowweretheyusedduringthissearch?

Answer 16

Single nucleotide polymorphism. Comparing chromosomes of different people, some people have the same nucleotide at the same place; tells us which region the disease gene may be

Question 17

Howcanthehumangenomesequencehelpusidentifypatternsofearlyhumanmigration?

Answer 17

Since Y chromosomes or mitochondrial because they do not vary much over time.