How Far Did Other Minority Groups Achieve Civil Rights From 1960-80?

Question 1

Native Indians and the BIA

Answer 1

Didn’t trust the Federal Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) as it shifted between breaking up or supporting tribal resilience
Break up culture and customs
Seen as instrumental in wman oppression, reputation of corruption

Question 2

AIM vs NCAI

Answer 2

American Indian Movt- more radical, anti federal stance, younger founders, ‘Red Power’, focus on culture
National Congress of American Indians- worked with the system

Question 3

Nixon’s actions for Native Americans (+)

Answer 3

Rejected termination and forced assimilation
Advisors spoke to tribal leaders
1972 Indian education act (funds for tribal schools)
1974 Indian Financing Act (lent tribes funding)
1975 Indian Self Determination Act (kept BIA but contracted out services such as health and education)

Question 4

Hispanic Americans and Bracero programme

Answer 4

Mexican immigration programme run by US govt

Question 5

Issues of Hispanic Americans

Answer 5

Land border of USA and Mexico
Workers rights and exploitation
Discrimination and deportation

Question 6

Cesar Chavez

Answer 6

Fought non violent campaign for farm workers rights: focus of working conditions
Established workers unions, strikes, marches and protests

Question 7

Reuis Lopez Tijerina

Answer 7

Organised protests about Mexican land rights in New Mexico

Marches, mass demonstrations and campins, signed agreement with Black Power Leaders

Question 8

Rodolfo Gonzales

Answer 8

Focus on race, favoured radical methods, established Crusade for Justice

Question 9

Brown Berets

Answer 9

Activation of Hispanics in politics, anti police brutality, young militant group

Question 10

Gains of Hispanic Americans

Answer 10

1954 SCourt rule as equal citizens
1966 Cuban Adjustment Act: Cubans of 1 year residency were permanent
Educational rights through limited English proficient
74: equal opportunities act
75: Voting Rights Act

Question 11

Limitations of Hispanic Americans

Answer 11

Civ rights campaign didn’t produce changes
Land issues not settled
Levels of change varied from place to place

Question 12

Homosexuality pre 60s

Answer 12

Viewed as ‘invisible disease’ (made people fearful, like communists)
Not part of visible racial group

Question 13

Persecution of homosexualities

Answer 13

1950s: congress name as mental illness
‘Lavender Scare’ runs parallel to ‘Red Scare’
Not de criminalised entirely until 2003
Challenge to illegality of homosexuality in every state, use HR law and 1964 no discrimination for race or gender should apply

Question 14

Stonewall Inn Incident

Answer 14

1969 Police Raid on NY gay bare turns violent
Turning point as the ability to gather sizeable protest march
Formed the gay rights movement

Question 15

Expansion of the Gay Rights movt in 60s and 70s

Answer 15

Gay Liberation Front- many joined/ set up own groups
Predominantly liberal era
1977 polls: 50% believed in gay rights
San Fran, NY, Chicago

Question 16

Resistance to gay rights

Answer 16

Certain anti gay groups
KKK most extreme
Hostility, eg ‘Bible Belt’
Mostly south, due to religious fundamentalism

Question 17

Gay rights movt and its connection to others

Answer 17

Black CR: community of oppressed minority

Counter culture and hippy movt: model for how to live outside a social norm, ‘authentic self’ and self expression

Question 18

Gains of the gay rights movt

Answer 18

1974 Kathy Kozachenko first openly gay candidate to public office
1977 Harvey Milk elected to office, 1st openly gay official that made clear his sexuality impacted both political activity and private life
Positive gay initiatives at stage and local level
79-81 Cali appointed 4 openly gay state judges

Question 19

Limitations of gay rights movt

Answer 19

Campaigns anti gay rights
Briggs Initiative
Religious groups and ultra conservatives- Reagan anti
Anita Bryant- ‘Save Our Children’

Question 20

Links of Hispanic Americans, gay rights, Native American campaigns

Answer 20

Equality
Discrimination
Violence used at some point