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psychology resit > research methods > Flashcards

research methods Flashcards

1
Q

what is the iv

A

whats manipulated

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2
Q

what is the dv

A

whats measured

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3
Q

whats operationalising

A

turning variables into a measurable form

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4
Q

whats an aim

A

a statement explaining why a study happens

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5
Q

whats a hypothesis

A

a prediction of results

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6
Q

whats a directional/ one tailed hypothesis

A

‘significant increase’

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7
Q

whats an indirection/ two tailed hypothesis

A

‘significant difference’

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8
Q

whats a null hypothesis

A

‘no significant difference’

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9
Q

whats a sample

A

the proportion of a population selected to take part in a study

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10
Q

whats the target population

A

every member that you wish to study

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11
Q

whats the difference between a covert and overt observation

A

covert is secret and overt is when people know they are being observed

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12
Q

whats a snapshot study

A

in a moment of time

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13
Q

whats a longitudinal study

A

over a period of time

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14
Q

whats the difference between open and closed questions

A

you can elaborate on an open question but there are limited answers to a closed question

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15
Q

what are the steps to an experiment

A 
topic
aim
hypothesis
method
pilot study
collect data
analyse
publish
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16
Q

what is a lab experiments

A

where the experiment happens in an area of high control

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17
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of a lab experiment

A

high internal validity (Cause and effect established)
easily replicated

low ecological validity (DCs)

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18
Q

whats a field experiment

A

where its carried out in the real world

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19
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of using a field experiment

A

high ecological validity
participants are often unaware (no DCs)

hard to control extraneous variables
unethical
time consuming and expensive
hard to repeat

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20
Q

what is a natural experiment

A

when there is no manipulation and the IV occurs naturally

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21
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of using a natural experiment

A

high ecological validity
participants are unaware (no DCs)

lacks cause and effect due to low internal validity

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22
Q

what is an independent measures design

A

one group carries out each condition

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23
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of an independent measures design

A

no order effects
no demand characteristics

participant variables

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24
Q

what is a repeated measures design

A

one group partakes in both conditions

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25
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of a repeated measures design

A

cheap
easy to compare
no participant variables

DCs
order effects

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26
Q

what is a matched pairs design

A

participants are matches and then randomly allocated into a group

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27
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of a matched pairs design

A

no participant variables
no DCs

time and cost

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28
Q

what is counter balancing

A

each group do both conditions but in different orders

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29
Q

what is opportunity sampling

A

using people who happen to be available

30
Q

what is random sampling

A

every member of the target population has an equal chance of being picked

31
Q

what is self selected sampling

A

people choose to participate

32
Q

evaluate opportunity sampling

A

for- quick and convenient

against- researcher bias

33
Q

evaluate random sampling

A

for- representative

against- time consuming

34
Q

evaluate self selected sampling

A

for- ethical

against- biased

35
Q

what is an observation

A

watching and noting behaviour

36
Q

evaluate observations

A

for- no social desirability bias, less ethical issues than other methods

against- no control

37
Q

whats a self report

A

when people answer written or verbal questions

38
Q

evaluate self reports

A

for- easy, fast, large sample

against- lacks validity, bias response

39
Q

what is an experiment

A

when manipulation occurs of the IV and something is measured

40
Q

evaluate experiments

A

for- fair, high control

against- lacks ecological validity

41
Q

evaluate longitudinal studies

A

for- specific trends

against- time consuming, needs large sample, drop outs

42
Q

what are case studies

A

detailed study of an individual

43
Q

evaluate case studies

A

for- detailed

against- lack cause and effect, no control, can’t generalise unrepresentative

44
Q

what is content analysis

A

count reoccurrence of events in the media etc

45
Q

evaluate content analysis

A

for- reliable, can check inter rater reliability, can replicate
against- hard to compare descriptive data

46
Q

what are the ethical guidelines

A

informed consent, right to withdraw, deception, do no harm, confidentiality, debrief

47
Q

what is the mean

A

add then divide by the number of entrys

48
Q

evaluate the use of the mean

A

for- accurate, takes all data into account

against- distorted by anomalies

49
Q

what is the mode

A

the most occurring entry in a series of data

50
Q

evaluate the use of the mode

A

against- may not exist, wastes information so less accurate

for- no anomaly influence

51
Q

what is the median

A

the middle value in a set of data

52
Q

evaluate the use of the median

A

for- easy, no anomaly influence

against- doesn’t use all scores

53
Q

what is the range

A

the difference between the highest and lowest values in a set of data

54
Q

evaluate the range

A

for-easy to calculate

against- wastes information so it’s inaccurate

55
Q

what is standard deviation

A

an average study of all of the scores deviated from the mean

56
Q

evaluate the standard deviation

A

for- uses all data so accurate

against- complicated to calculate

57
Q

why are questionnaires better than interviews

A

there are no ethical issues,
bigger samples are more representative,
less likely to lie through anonymity,
faster

58
Q

why are interviews better than questionnaires

A

response bias or fatigue effects in questionnaires,
people find it harder to lie face to face,
no ambiguity of questions

59
Q

what is a structured interview

A

questions are premeditated

60
Q

whats an advantage of a structured interview

A

easier to compare and replicate

61
Q

whats an unstructured interview

A

questions develop as you go along

62
Q

evaluate unstructured interviews

A

against- harder to compare

for- allows for elaboration

63
Q

evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of questionnaires

A 
for:
standardised questions allow replication,
large/representative sample,
cheap and fast,
ethical

against:
social desirability bias,
response bias

64
Q

evaluate reliability with observations

A

reliable:
structured (test retest),

unreliable:
unstructed are hard to compare

65
Q

evaluate validity with observations

A

valid:
natural/covert- lack demand characteristics

invalid:
overt/structured

66
Q

what is a natural observation

A

carried out in the real world

67
Q

evaluate the use of natural observations

A

for: less DCs, ecological validity
against: lack of control

68
Q

what is a participant observation

A

when the observer takes part

69
Q

evaluate the use of participant observations

A

for: realistic, more data
against: unscientific

70
Q

what is a structured observation

A

when behaviour is coded into categories

71
Q

evaluate the use of structured observations

A

for: easy to compare
against: restricted data

72
Q

evaluate the use of case studies

A

for:
in depth data which may otherwise be overlooked,
used to investigate individual differences,
complex interaction of factors,
natural- less demand characteristics

against:
difficult to generalise,
researcher bias,
recollection of past is often unreliable,
ethical issues,
lack of population validity,
lack of internal validity

psychology resit (3 decks)

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