Ocular Flashcards
What causes subconjunctival hemorrhages and how should they be treated?
Bleeding b/w the conjunctiva and sclera.
(May be traumatic, spontaneous, or secondary to a systemic illness)
Very common.
No tx required, often asymptomatic.
What virus is most common in viral conjunctivitis? How is it treated?
Adenovirus.
Self-limiting
Tx: chamomile tea bags (tears, cold compresses, hand hygiene).
How can bacterial conjunctivitis be differentiated from viral?
Bacterial often has a purulent discharge.
What two glands are acutely infected resulting in an internal or external hordeolum (stye)?
Zeis [external]
Meibomian [internal]
How are chalazions and hordeola similar and different?
Both effect meibomian or zeis glands.
Chalazions are granulomas that develop when lipid breakdown products leak into the surrounding tissues. They are single, firm, non-tender nodules and may be chronic.
Hordeolum are acute infectious focal abscesses of PMNs with sx of pain, warmth, swelling, and edema.
How do you check for a corneal abrasion?
Apply flourescein dye and inspect under a blue light. The abrasion will appear more pronounced and yellow-green.
What increases your risk of a corneal ulcer? How do you identify one? And what is the treatment?
Extended-wear soft contact lenses.
They are gray or white spots on the cornea that may be visible w/ the naked eye.
It’s an emergency b/c it may result in vision loss. Tx. is antibiotic drops.
What is the most common cause of blindness? Describe it.
Cataracts.
A clouding of the lens inside the eye.
What are the SSX of acute angle closure glaucoma?
Happens more commonly in far-sighted pts Severe ocular pain Headache N/V Blurred vision w/ halos around lights Loss of vision Conjunctival injection Corneal edema Mid-dilated, nonreactive pupil Evidence of shallow anterior chamber
How do you treat acute angle closure glaucoma?
Intra-ocular pressure reduction
Suppression of inflammation
Reversal of angle closure
Immediate ophthalmologic evaluation is indicated
What is the most common form of glaucoma?
Chronic open angle glaucoma
What are the risk factors for chronic open angle glaucoma?
Increasing age
>40 w/ FH of glaucoma
Diabetes
Short-sightedness
What condition can lead to permanent visual loss if not treated and includes an elevated ESR, headache, scalp tenderness, jaw claudication, and is associated with increased age and polymyalgia rheumatica?
Temporal arteritis
What condition is the result of facial trauma and involves painful proptosis, decreased visual acuity, scintillating scotomas, lid ecchymosis, and afferent pupillary defect?
Retrobulbar hematoma - immediate ophthalmologic referral.
What precedes a hyphema?
An injury to the anterior chamber that disrupts the vasculature supporting the iris or ciliary body.
