Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal physiology > Muscle (Non-mammalian) > Flashcards

Muscle (Non-mammalian) Flashcards

1
Q

What bone do the main muscles used to power flight attach to?

A

The sternum (enlarged in birds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What muscles in birds are used to pull down the wing and produce the ‘power stroke’?

A

Pectoral muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the supracoracoideus muscle do?

A

Pulls up the wing for the return stroke during flight.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do the skin muscles help with a bird’s flight?

A

They are attached to the feather follicles and can move the feathers in different directions to assist the flight.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When is the total muscle fibre number fixed in birds?

A

By the final stage of embryo.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is MUSTN-1?

A

Musculoskeletal embryonic nuclear protein.

Key gene in skeletal muscle development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 main differences between flying and flightless birds?

A

Colour of the muscle fibre
Body mass
Function of the pectoral and supracoracoideus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the maximum percentage mass of a birds body that the pactoralis can be?

A

35%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the ratio of fibres depend on in birds?

A

The species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which group of animals gram for gram have the most muscle?

A

Fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What separates a myotome in fish?

A

connective tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the muscles of the upper and lower segments of a fish body called?

A

UPPER- Epaxial

LOWER- Hypaxial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 3 muscle types in fish?

A

Red
White
Pink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why do fish have spongy myocardial muscle?

A

The heart doesn’t take in oxygenated blood, spongy muscle is able to take in small amounts of oxygen that remains in the deoxygenated blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the bulbs arterioles of the fish heart do?

A

Reduces pressure so that the blood is less likely to damage the delicate gill walls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What muscle type makes up the majority of muscle in fish?

A

White.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why is red muscle darker than white muscle?

A

Capillaries (White muscle is anaerobic and so needs fewer capillaries)
Myoglobin concentration.

18
Q

What are the two swimming modes in fish?

A

Body and caudal fin (BCF)

Median and paired fin (MPF)

19
Q

What is ram ventilation in fish?

A

When fish ceases active ventilation and opens its mouth and allows force of its speed to pass water over its gills.

20
Q

How many chambers does a reptile heart have?

A
  1. (non crocodilian)
21
Q

How does the heart rate of reptile compare to that of birds and mammals?

A

It is lower.

22
Q

What is bite force controlled by in crocodiles?

A

Muscle mass.

23
Q

What muscles is eating controlled by in snakes?

A

Intermandibular muscles.

24
Q

What allows for an undulatory movement in snakes?

A

The muscles are segmented and overlap.

25
Q

What is the special about tendons in snakes?

A

They are elongated to connect muscles.

26
Q

How are the muscles of sea turtles used to breath under high pressures?

A

Abdominal muscles are used for breathing rather than diaphragm.

27
Q

What are the four types of muscles in insects?

A

Visceral
Segmental
Appendicular
Flight

28
Q

How many muscles do caterpillars have?

A

4000

29
Q

What are the visceral muscles of insects?

A

Striated involuntary muscles that line the organs.

30
Q

What are segmental muscles and what are they needed for?

A

Needed for the contractions of the segments, for moulting, breathing and locomotion in larvae.

31
Q

What allows locomotion in insects?

A

Contraction and relaxation of agonistic and antagonistic muscles.

32
Q

How is power from the muscles transmitted to the wing for flight?

A

Via the hardened parts of the skeleton.

33
Q

Name the different types of flight muscle in insects.

A

Direct and indirect
Power and control
Bi-functional
Synchronous and asynchronous.

34
Q

What do the power muscles do during flight?

A

Drive the oscillations of the wing.

35
Q

What are the control muscles essential for?

A

Flight stability and direction.

36
Q

What are the two types of flight in insects?

A

Bi-motor

High frequency

37
Q

What is the most powerful muscle on earth?

A

Tongue of the giant palm salamander.

38
Q

How is the tongue forced out of the mouth in amphibians?

A

Tongue projector muscles.

39
Q

What are the three main muscle functions in amphibians?

A

Movement
Heat generation
Posture

40
Q

What are the two types of respiration in amphibians?

A

Pulmonary

Buccopharyngeal.

41
Q

What type of muscle in amphibians possesses a high regenerative capacity?

A

Skeletal muscle.

42
Q

give an example of epimorphic regeneration

A

e.g. limb regeneration in salamander.

Animal physiology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions