unit 6- making + earning living Flashcards
HDI
Human development index (measure level of development of each country)
IHDI
inequality adjusted HDI
modifies HDI to account for inequality
jobs fall under 3 categories
primary sector (agriculture)
secondary (manufacturing)
tertiary (services)
8 millennium development goals
end poverty + hunger achieve universal primary education promote gender equality + empower woman reduce child mortality improve maternal health combat HIV/ AIDS, malaria / other diseases ensure environmental sustainability develop global partnership for development
what is food + diet preferences?
people avoid food-cultural reasons (muslims don’t eat port)
preferences influences-environmental factors (organic)
factors influencing location-industry
situation (transport to+from factory) minimal costs (needs good location); capital close to markets (products sold there) restructuring steel industry natural hazards; land labor, traffic
types services + patterns of distribution
consumer service (service for people who desire them + can afford pay for it (retail, education, health, leisure)
business service ( facilitate other businesses: professional services, financial / transport)
public sector ( security + protection for people + businesses: lawyers, bank , hotel)
rural settlements
agricultural + small no. services (Northern Cape; farms)
urban settlements
consumer + business services (JHB: a lot buildings, close, city)
differences b.ween developed + developing countries
LQ
DEVELOPEDL
- known as MDC (more developed country)
- N.America + Europe (developed)
- higher average income
- people more productive + have more
- people spend wealth diff ways
- people complete more yrs @school (11yrs)
- lower pupil / teacher ratio
- high literacy
- live longer + healthier (10yrs longer)
- spend more on health
- financial development- loans + foreign aid
- form inner core area
DEVELOPING: -known LDC (low developed country) -rest world= developing countries -learn / books not in native language spend only 6yr of school -poor access healthcare -lack money needed to finance development -occupy peripheral location
2 development paths for developing countries
LQ
1) DEVELOPMENT OF SELF SUFFICIENY(erects barriers to trade)
:-investment spread equally across country economy + all regions
-fair system (all residents +enterprises benefit)
-reducing poverty is priority
-underdeveloped businesses are isolated by large international companies
-importing=limited by tariff, quotas +licences
-e.g India (must have licence, heavy tax, restrictions, Indian money cant be converted, need government permission etc)
2) DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE: (allocates scare resources to few activities)
- sale products bring funds to country that used financial development
- 1: traditional society (high % people agriculture + high % people military / religion)
- 2: preconditions for takeoff ( investment of technologies +infrastructure e.g water supplies +transportation)
- 3: takeoff (rapid growth e.g food + textiles)
- 4: drive-maturity (wide variety-industries)
- 5: age-mass consumption (shift production of heavy industry (steel) to consumer goods (cars, fridges)
commercial agriculture:
LQ
(developed countries)(produced for sale)
- large farms (plantations)
- small % farmers
- many machines
- mixed crops +livestock, grain, gardening+ fruit +dairy
Define subsistence agriculture &types:
LQ
(developing countries) ( food-> direct consumptions)
- small farms
- high % farmers
- few machines
1) shifting cultivation (slash-and-burn agriculture) (Venezuela: wet lands)
2) pastoral nomadism (herding domestic animals) (dessert: Africa, dry land)
3) intensive subsistence (work done by hand / animals) (E+S. Asia)
sustainable agriculture
LQ
(limits use chemicals +integrates crops+livestock)
- rely-sensitive land management
- preserve +enhances environmental equality (organic farming)
- e.g Australia
- ridge tillage (crops planted on ridge)=minimum soil disturbance +improves soil quality
- limited use-herbicides->control weeds
- integrate growing-crops + raising livestock
urbanisation of DEVELOPING countries:
LQ
- most large cities->developing countries
- urbanization= 2 dimensions: 1) increase no. people->cities
2) increase % people->cities - 2/5 people->developing countries
- 7/10 most popular cities=developing countries
-when high concentration:
» pollution, health costs, city cant cope / provide adequate services
» stress- surrounding =challenges=sustainable development
» expansion-low income areas on outskirts
» congestion, poor housing, electricity
