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Biomechanics > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Sprain

A

an injury resulting from stretching or tearing form ligaments, tendons and connective tissue

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2
Q

Density

A

Measure of an objects mass per unit volume

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3
Q

Kyphosis

A

hunchback

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4
Q

Buoyancy

A

fluid force that always acts vertically upward

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5
Q

Bernoullis’s principle

A

regions of relatvie high velocity fluid flow prodce relatively low pressure vice versa

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6
Q

osteonecrosis

A

death of bone cells

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7
Q

Negative ulnar Variance

A

radius is longer than the ulna

*positive would mean it was shorter

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8
Q

Turbulent flow

A

flow characterized by mixing of the layer of fluid

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9
Q

Toughness

A

ability of a material to adsorb energy

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10
Q

magnus force

A

a lift force directed from a high pressure to low pressure regions

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11
Q

Wolff’s law

A

bone strenght increases and decreases as the force on the bone increase and decrease

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12
Q

Osteoporosis

A

loss of bone density/mass

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13
Q

yield strength

A

stress at the elastic limit of a material stress stain curve

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14
Q

laminar flow

A

fluid flow characterized by smooth layers flowing parallel to one another

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15
Q

anisotropic

A

materials having different mechanical properties depending on the direction of the load

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16
Q

Drag

A

a resistive force that slows a body moving through a fluid

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17
Q

Failure strength

A

stress where breakage or rupture actually occurs

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18
Q

myositis ossificans

A

calcified mass within a repeatedly injured muscle

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19
Q

lordosis

A

swayback

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20
Q

Archimedes principle

A

magnitude of the buoyant force acting on a body is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced y the object

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21
Q

strain

A

quantification of deformation of a material

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22
Q

Luxation

A

dislocation

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23
Q

Drafting

A

following closely behind another to reduce from drag

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24
Q

Scoliosis

A

lateral curvature of the spine

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25
Q

Compartment syndrome

A

fluid accumulation in tissue results in increased pressure due to the inextensibility of the surrounding fascia

26
Q

Static flexibility

A

refers to ROM achieved by passive movement

** dynamic is active

27
Q

How does temp affect the viscosity of fluid and why

A

1 gases increase with increase of temp ( warm molecular activity)
2 liquids decrease with increased of temp (↓ chesive in forces)
**Viscosity involves internal resistance of the fluid. the greater the resistance to flow the more viscous the fluid

28
Q

how does the center of gravity relate to the c/v for a human body floating in the body of water? how is the body aligned in the water relative to these tow forces?

A

the c/g is inferior to the c/v. this is because of the lungs. c/g acts with the weight downward and c/v acts with buoyancy upward it reacts as a torque and it will rotate until it is positioned so that these two acting forces are vertically aligned

29
Q

List 4 factors that affect surface drag while swimming and describe how they affect surface drag

A 
Surface drag ↑ proportionately with ↑...
1 relative v of fluid 
2 as of the body over the flow occurs
3 roughness of the body surface
4 viscosity of the fluid
30
Q

question 4,5

A

look at

31
Q

how do temp and humidity affect air density

A
  • warmer air is less dense than cooler air
  • humid air is less dense than dry air
  • *molar mass of water is less than dry air so by adding the water to the dry air makes it less dense
32
Q

Which surface features will be more likely to produce turbulent flow?
How does velocity of an object affect flow ?

A

rougher surfaces and higher velocity are more likely to produce turbulent flow

33
Q

Which type of drag accounts for most of the drag force at faster velocities, surface drag or form drag?

A

Form drag accounts for most drag at fast velocities

34
Q

Which set of conditions would provide the greatest lift force of a foil a, b
Question 9

A

A- war, dry air; 200 mph; small wings; small curvature on upper side wing
B- cool, humid air; 300 mph; large wings; large curvature on upper side of wings

35
Q

compare and contrast tension, compression and shear stress by describing each, providing example of each type of stress applied to the human body and injuries that can result form each?

A

Read this on the pic

36
Q

Describe the difference between repetitive and acute loads

A

1 Acute loads- result from a single force large enough to cause injury. the causative force is termed macrotrauma
2 repeated or chronic loading over time produces a stress or chronic injury the causative mechanism is called micro trauma

37
Q

Differentiate elastic and plastic behavior

A

1 elastic- will return to its original shape when load is removed
2 plastic- behavior is exhibited when a load is removed and the material does NOT return to its original shape. permanent deformation occurs.

38
Q

which material would be the most likely to fail

Rubber, bones of an old person, bones of a young person, or a gymnastics mat??

Elastin or collagen ??

A

Answer
Bones of an old person
collagen

39
Q

which is more likely to cause injury to bone, a load applied quickly or slowly

A

slowly

40
Q

Regarding the 3 main stresses bones are strongest in __1__ and weakest in __2__? Tendons and ligaments are strongest in __3__ and weakest in __4__

A

1 compression
2 shear
3 tension
4 Compression and shear

41
Q

what is the best way to stretch to increase flexibility?

A

move into the stretch slowly and hold that position for 30-60 seconds

42
Q

Resistance to stretching of passive muscle originates from what?

A

the contractile elements and the connective tissue sheaths that surrounds the muscle fibers

43
Q

How is joint flexibility related to the risk of injury? what types of injuries are associate with joint tightness? excessive flexibility?

A
  • risk of injury is ↑ when joint flexibility is extremely low , extremely high or significantly imblaanced between dominant and nondominant sides of the body
  • if flexibility is too tight, collagenous tissues and muscle across the joint are more likely to tear or rupture if the joint is forced beyond its normal ROM
44
Q

LOOK at number 19

A

.

45
Q

How does active stretching differe from passive stretching? how does ballistic stretching differ from static stretching, and of these two techniques, which is preferred ad why?

A

1 Active- do by yourself, produced by contraction of antagonist M

2 Passive- a wall, person, band this uses gravity

3 ballistic- this is more of a bouncing movement to get a little bit more extend joint position to or beyond the extremities of ROM
-ballistic activates the stretch reflex and results in the immediate develop. of tension in the muscle being stretched, microtearing of the strethed muscle may occur, soo static is preferred

46
Q

Briefly describe proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation.

A

PNF- procedures involve some pattern of alternating contraction and relaxation of agonist and antagonist muscles designed to take advantage of the GTO response a clinician or partner is required

47
Q

list seven factors that characterize load and combine to determine the nature of an injury, the tissues injured, and the severity of the injury

A 
1 magnitude(how much F is applied)
2 location(where on the body)
3 direction (where is the F directed)
4 duration (over what time interval is the F applied)
5 frequency (how often is the F applied)
6 Variability (is the mag of the F constant)
7 rate (how quickly is the f applied)
48
Q

many factors contribute to an injury. list about 16-18 of these factors
Question 23

A

age, fatigue, drugs, gender, nutrition, genetics, physiological status, environment, equipment, human interaction, previous injury, disease, rehabilitation, anthropometric variablitly, skill level, experience, pain, psychological status

49
Q

when significant damage happens to articular cartilage, repair with new hyaline cartilage rarely occurs. why what does this lead to.

A

due to lack of blood vessels and the relative lack of cells in cartilage. this inability of articular cartilage to self-repair contributes to degenerative joint disease.

50
Q

biomechanically, what is the function of the patella

A

the patella acts as a fulcrum or pivot to enhance the mechanical advantage of the quadriceps during knee flexion and extension. the patella effectively moves the tendon line of action away from the instantaneous join center and thus increase the moment arm a given force then produces a greater moment of force or torque

51
Q

describe the compartment syndrome

A

READ this from pic

52
Q

breifly describe the three grades of should separation

A

Grade 1 - acromioclavicular injury progresses from a simple sprain of the AC ligamnet
Grade 2- to a tear of the AC ligament and a sprain of the coracoclavicualr ligament
Grade 3- to complete tear of the AC ligaments and the coracoclavicular ligaments

53
Q

list the four rotator cuff muuscles

A

1 subscapularis
2 infraspinatus
3 supraspinatus
4 teres minor

54
Q

regarding the glenohumeral joint, impingement in those under 35 years usually involved what? and older it is usually due to what?

A

Younger-sports or occupations involving extensive overhead movements

older- degenerative processes that leads to bone spur formation, capsular thinning, ↓ tissue per fusion and muscular atrophy

55
Q

lateral epicondylitis is most often attributed to inflammation of the proximal attachment of what muscle?

A

extensor carpi radialis brevis

look at pic

56
Q

what nerve is involved in carpal tunnel syndrome

A

median nerve

look at pic

57
Q

list the symptoms of a concussion

A

immediate loss of consciousness, suppression of reflexes, transient respiration arrest, a brief period of brachycardia, a fall in BP, disturbances of vision and equilibrium

58
Q

regardless of the cause, what is the basic problem with a bulgin or protruding disc and what are the consequences

A

the bulging disk impinges on adjacent structures. this results in mechanical and possibly chemical and or inflammatory irritaion of the nerve root with resultant pain in the back, butt, thigh, lower leg and feet

59
Q

Describe totla mechanical energy including the three types of energy involved and typesof muscle contraciton that occur if total ME ↑, ↓ or does change

A

Read this from the pic i took

60
Q

list intrinsic and extrinsic factors that can affect injury

A

Read this from the pic i took

61
Q

Math problems

A

NEED to work on the math

Biomechanics (2 decks)

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