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Biology session 2 part 2 session 3 > B11 Hormones > Flashcards

B11 Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Hormone

A

a chemical substance, produced by a gland (part of the endocrine system), carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs and is then destroyed by the liver. They help regulate processes in the body. Different hormones affect different target organs.

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2
Q

Adrenaline

A

Adrenaline- a fight or flight hormone. Glucose- needed for respiration which produces energy. Adrenaline increases pulse rate, which causes more oxygen to be taken in for respiration, so more glucose is produced= more energy. Adrenaline produced by the adrenal glands, and targets vital organs like the liver and heart.

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3
Q

Examples of situations in which adrenaline secretion

A

Before playing an important game, giving a speech, taking a test, etc

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4
Q

The cycle of a hormone

A

1) Production by a gland
2) Stored until needed
3) Transported by the blood
4) Effect on target cells
5) Carried by the blood
6) Break down by liver

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5
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of the endocrine system. Regulates hunger, thirst, sleep and wakefulness, most of your involuntary mechanisms including body temperature

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6
Q

Thyroid glands

A

Part of the endocrine system. Regulates energy and metabolism

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7
Q

Ovaries/ testes

A

Part of the endocrine system. Influences how your blood circulates and determines your mental vigor and sex drive. It controls the menstrual cycle in women

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8
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Part of the endocrine system. Controls all other endocrine glands; influences growth, metabolism and regeneration

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9
Q

Parathyroid

A

Part of the endocrine system. Secrets the hormones necessary for calcium absorption.

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10
Q

Thymus

A

Part of the endocrine system. Helps build resistance to disease

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11
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Part of the endocrine system. Secretes hundreds of compounds incluging cortisone and adrenaline which helps reaction to emergencies. Regulates metabolic processes in the cells, water balance, blood pressure, etc.

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12
Q

Progesterone

A

A hormone produced by the ovaries. It targets the uterus and stimulates uterus lining to thicken in preparation to receive a fertilised egg

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13
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

A hormone produced by the pituitary glands. It targets the ovaries and triggers the release of an egg from the follicle (ovulation)

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14
Q

Insulin

A

A hormone produced by the pancreas. It targets the liver and controls blood sigar levels by allowing sugar into cells and storing excess sugars as gycogen

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15
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

A

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland and targets the kidney. It helps maintain water balance in the body

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16
Q

Testosterone

A

A hormone produced in the testes. It targets the testes and controls puberty in males

17
Q

Thyroid

A

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland and thyroid gland. It targets the thyroid and regulates body heat production, metabolic rate, it’s for muscle tone and vigor, the breakdown of protein, fat and carbohydrates

18
Q

Targets of adrenaline and their uses

A

Heart- increases heart rate for more beats per minute
Lungs- Increases ventilation rate (breathing rate)
Blood vessels- Vasoconstriction in the intestinal and skin regions, and vasodilation in the blood vessels serving the muscles and brain
Iris- Dilation of pupils
Body-wide- Increase in glycogen breakdown

19
Q

Stress

A

When the hormone adrenaline is continually released, ready for action that is not taken for you

20
Q

Effects of stress on the heart

A

It causes chest pain and increased blood pressure- the heart pumps faster, and can eventually weaken

21
Q

Effects of stress on the digestive system

A

Gives stomach or intestinal cramps

22
Q

Effects of stress on blood sugar levels

A

high at the beginning, but after a while, becomes low as the heart is pumping fast and using up energy

23
Q

Effects of stress on the breathing system

A

Faster breathing

24
Q

Effects of stress on the brain

A

Gives you headaches and migraines- there is vasodilation with increased blood pressure within the blood vessels of the brain

25
Q

Effects of stress on muscles

A

Causes muscular tension and pain- the release of energy from ATP causes excessive muscle contractions

26
Q

Effect of stress on the intestines

A

Causes abdominal pain and diarrhoea- vasoconstriction of blood vessels in intestines and reduced water reabsorption

27
Q

Effects of stress on the whole body

A

Causes rapid tiredness- the high consumption of energy by body cells results in a shortage of ATP

28
Q

Effects of stress on the pancreas

A

Causes diabetes symptoms- excessive release of glucose due to increased respiration. The excess glucose excreted by urine

29
Q

Beta blockers

A

drugs that combine with adrenaline and prevent it from affecting the target tissues and organs. It stops the increased heart rate

30
Q

Effects of stress on the reproductive system

A

For women- irreular or more painful periods and reduced sexual desire
For men- Impotence, lower sperm production, reduced sexual desire

31
Q

Effects of stress on the immune system

A

Lowered ability to fight or recover from illness

32
Q

Hyposecretion

A

Hormone deficiency

33
Q

Hypersecretion

A

Hormone excess

34
Q

Difference between nervous and hormonal control systems

A

Nervous control- Electrical, through the nerves, short term, target is a specific location, is part of the reflex system
Hormonal control- Chemical, through the blood, long term, target is a little more widespread, part of a long term regulation system

35
Q

Oestogren

A

A hormone produced by the ovaries. It targets the uterus and stimulates the lining of the uterus to repair and clean itself

36
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

A hormone produced by the pituitary glands. It targets the ovaries and triggers the release of an egg cell

37
Q

Pancreas

A

Part of the endocrine system. Aids in digestion of protein, fats and carbohydrates. Produces insulin which controls blood sugar levels

Biology session 2 part 2 session 3 (9 decks)

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