5.1.4

Question 2

What is the primary function of the endocrine system?

Answer 2

Communication around the body using hormones as signals.

Question 3

How do endocrine glands secrete hormones?

Answer 3

Directly into the blood without visible ducts.

Question 4

Name three examples of endocrine glands.

Answer 4

• Pituitary gland
• Thyroid gland
• Adrenal glands

Question 5

What type of hormones are steroid hormones?

Answer 5

Lipid soluble hormones.

Question 6

How do steroid hormones act on target cells?

Answer 6

They diffuse across the plasma membrane and bind to receptors in the nucleus.

Question 7

What is the role of the steroid-receptor hormone complex?

Answer 7

It binds to specific receptors on chromosomal material to stimulate mRNA production.

Question 8

What are protein and peptide hormones unable to do?

Answer 8

They cannot diffuse through the lipid membrane.

Question 9

How do non-steroid hormones affect target cells?

Answer 9

They bind to cell surface receptors and trigger secondary messengers.

Question 10

What is an example of a secondary messenger in non-steroid hormone action?

Answer 10

Cyclic Adenosine Mono-Phosphate (cAMP).

Question 11

What are the two regions of the adrenal glands?

Answer 11

• Adrenal cortex
• Adrenal medulla

Question 12

What is the function of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 12

To secrete vital steroid-based hormones.

Question 13

What do mineralocorticoids help control?

Answer 13

Concentrations of sodium and potassium in the blood.

Question 14

What hormone is secreted by the zona fasciculata?

Answer 14

Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol.

Question 15

What does cortisol regulate?

Answer 15

Metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Question 16

What hormones does the adrenal medulla produce?

Answer 16

• Adrenaline
• Noradrenaline

Question 17

What is the function of insulin?

Answer 17

To reduce blood glucose concentration.

Question 18

What do alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete?

Answer 18

Glucagon.

Question 19

What is the normal blood glucose concentration range?

Answer 19

4 to 6 mmol dm-3.

Question 20

What condition can prolonged hyperglycemia lead to?

Answer 20

Diabetes mellitus.

Question 21

How do glucagon and insulin interact in the body?

Answer 21

They have antagonistic effects on blood glucose concentration.

Question 22

What triggers insulin secretion from beta cells?

Answer 22

Rising blood glucose concentration.

Question 23

What is the effect of glucagon on glycogen?

Answer 23

Stimulates glycogenolysis to release glucose.

Question 24

What is Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 24

Insulin-dependent diabetes caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells.

Question 25

What is Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 25

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes characterized by insufficient insulin production or response.

Question 26

What are common treatments for Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 26

* Insulin injections * Pancreas transplant * Islet cell transplant

Question 27

What lifestyle changes can help manage Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 27

* Weight loss * Regular exercise * Monitoring diet

Question 28

What is a potential future treatment for diabetes using stem cells?

Answer 28

Culturing new islets of Langerhans cells to increase insulin production.

Question 29

Fill in the blank: The adrenal cortex secretes _______ hormones that are vital to life.

Answer 29

steroid-based

Question 30

True or False: Non-steroid hormones can enter the cell directly.

Answer 30

False

Question 31

What is the role of potassium ion channels in insulin secretion?

Answer 31

They are open at normal blood glucose levels, helping to maintain membrane potential.