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Biology > 5.1.4 hormonal communication > Flashcards

5.1.4 hormonal communication Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones are secreted by the Pituitary gland?

A

-Growth hormone: controls growth in bones and muscles.
-Anti-diuretic hormone: increases reabsorption of water in kidneys.
-Gonadotrophins: control development of ovaries and testes.

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2
Q

What hormones are secreted by the Thyroid gland?

A

-Thyroxine: controls rate of metabolism and rate that glucose is used up in respiration.

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3
Q

What hormones are secreted by the Adrenal gland?

A

-Adrenaline: increases heart rate and breathing rate and raises blood sugar level.

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4
Q

What hormones are secreted by the Testis?

A

-Testosterone: controls sperm production and secondary sexual characteristics.

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5
Q

What hormones are secreted by the Pineal gland?

A

-Melatonin: affects reproductive development and daily cycles.

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6
Q

What hormones are secreted by the Thymus?

A

-Thymosin: promotes production and maturation of white blood cells.

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7
Q

What hormones are secreted by the Pancreas?

A

-Glucagon: converts glycogen back to glucose in the liver.
-Insulin: converts excess glucose into glycogen in the liver.

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8
Q

What hormones are secreted by the Ovary?

A

-Oestrogen: controls ovulation and secondary sexual characteristics.
-Progesterone: prepared the uterus lining for receiving am embryo.

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9
Q

What is meant by endocrine?

A

Hormones released into bloodstream (plasma).

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10
Q

What is meant by exocrine?

A

Secretes hormone through ducts directly into target organs/surface of the body.

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11
Q

Where are the Adrenal glands located?

A

On the top of each kidney.

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12
Q

What are the Adrenal glands made up of?

A

-The Adrenal cortex
-The Adrenal medulla

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13
Q

What is the Adrenal cortex?

A

The outer region of the glands, produces hormones vital to life.

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14
Q

What is the Adrenal medulla?

A

The inner region of the glands, produces non-essential hormones.

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15
Q

What hormones does the Adrenal medulla secrete?

A

-Adrenaline:
increased heat rate, increased blood glucose concentration.
-Noradrenaline:
increased heart rate, widening of pupils, widening of air passages to the lungs, narrowing of the blood vessels.

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16
Q

What hormones are secreted by the Adrenal cortex?

A

-Glucocorticoids:
e.g. cortisol- regulates metabolism (breakdown of fats, lipids, and proteins). Affects blood pressure.
e.g. corticosterone- regulates inflammatory responses/immune responses.
-Mineralocorticoids:
e.g. aldosterone- regulate the salt and water balance/concentration in the blood, regulates blood pressure (guided by signals from the kidneys).
-Androgens:
Sex hormones (testosterone+oestrogen).

17
Q

Why is the pancreas both an endocrine and an exocrine system?

A

Endocrine- secretes Insulin and Glucagon into the blood.
Exocrine- produces digestive enzymes (amylase, protease, lipase) into the digestive system.

18
Q

What do the enzymes: Amylase, Protease, and Lipase, break up?

A

Amylase:
Starch into simple sugars.
Protease:
Proteins into amino acids.
Lipase:
Lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.

19
Q

What are Islets of Langerhans and what do they produce?

A

Small regions of endocrine tissue within exocrine tissue.
Produces:
Alpha cells- Glucagon.
Beta cells- Insulin.

20
Q

What are the main difference between endocrine and exocrine pancreatic tissue?

A

Endocrine- Lightly stained, large spherical clusters, produce and secrete hormones, Islets of Langerhans.
Exocrine- darker stained, small berry-like clusters, produce and secrete digestive enzymes, pancreatic acini.

21
Q

What can increase blood glucose concentration?

A

-Diet
-Glycogenolysis
-Gluconeogenesis

22
Q

What can decrease blood glucose concentration?

A

-Respiration
-Glycogenesis

23
Q

What is meant by Gluconeogenesis?

A

Gluconeogenesis is the production of glucose from non-carbohydrates.

24
Q

What is meant by Glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose.

25
Q

What is meant by Glycogenosis?

A

Glycogenosis is the building of glycogen.

26
Q

What happens when blood glucose concentration is too high?

A

-Detected by beta cells in Islets of Langerhans.
-More Insulin released.

-Glycogenesis in liver/muscles.
-Increase uptake in cells.
-Increase rate of cellular respiration.
-Convert into fats (lipogenesis).

27
Q

What happens when blood glucose concentration is too low?

A

-Detected by alpha cells in Islets of Langerhans
-Glucagon released.

-Glycogenolysis in liver/fat cells.
-Gluconeogenesis.
-Decrease uptake in cells.
-Decrease rate of cellular respiration.

28
Q

How do beta-cells release insulin?

A

-Increase glucose inside cell.
-Increase ATP released by respiration.
-Increase ATP causes K+ channels on cell surface to close.
-Increase K+ in cell causes cell to be less positive (depolarisation).
-Depolarisation causes calcium ion channels to open.
-Increase calcium ions inside cells.
-Calcium ions move secretory vesicles containing insulin to cell surface.
-Vesicles->exocytosis->insulin release.

29
Q

What is meant by Hyperglycaemia?

A

Too much glucose in the blood.

30
Q

What is meant by Hypoglycaemia?

A

Too little glucose in the blood.

31
Q

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

A

Type 1 diabetes is when beta-cells in the Islet of Langerhans do not produce insulin. Whereas, type 2 diabetes is when beta-cells do not produce enough insulin or body cells do not respond properly to insulin (caused by poor lifestyle).

32
Q

How can Type 1 diabetes be treated?

A

-Regular injections of insulin (insulin-dependent).

33
Q

How can Type 2 diabetes be treated?

A

-Regulate diet and exercise.
-Drugs to stimulate insulin production in some cases.

34
Q

What is medically produced insulin?

A

Insulin made from genetically modified bacteria-human gene for insulin inserted into bacterial cells.

35
Q

What are the advantages of medically produced insulin?

A

-Less chance of an allergic reaction than pig/cow insulin.
-Make on a mass scale.
-Cheaper production costs.
-Less ethical/religious concerns.

36
Q

What are the disadvantages of pancreas transplants?

A

-Long wait for a pancreas transplant because demand outweighs availability.
-Immunosuppressant drugs, which increase metabolic demand.
-80% effective.

37
Q

How can stem cells be used to treat diabetes?

A

Totipotent stem cells have the ability to differentiate into any cell type (taken from embryos e.g. ‘spares’ from fertility treatment and terminations.
Could grow into Islet cells.

38
Q

What are the advantages of stem cell therapy for diabetes?

A

-Donor availability would not be an issue.
-Reduced likelihood of rejection problems with embryonic stem cells generally not being rejected.
-People no longer have to use insulin injections.

Biology (25 decks)

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