5.1.5 Animal Responses Flashcards
Define central nervous system
made up of the brain and spinal cord
Define peripheral nervous system
made up of all the neurones that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
(divides into autonomic and somatic nervous system)
Define somatic nervous system
- part of nervous system that is under conscious control
Define autonomic nervous system
- part of nervous system that is under subconscious control (involuntary)
Define sympathetic nervous system
(division of autonomic nervous system)
- if outcome increases activity
e.g. increase in heart rate
Define parasympathetic nervous system
(division of autonomic nervous system)
- if outcome decreases activity it involves parasympathetic nervous system
e.g. decrease in heart rate
What are 4 differences between somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system?
- autonomic is involuntary and somatic is under voluntary control
- autonomic mostly non or lightly myelinated, somatic mostly myelinated
- autonomic has atleast 2 neurones to connect CNS with effector, somatic 1 neurone to connect CNS with effector
- autonomic effectors are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands
somatic effectors are skeletal muscles - autonomic both parasympathetic and sympathetic motor neurones to same effector
only somatic motor neurones to each effector
What 2 sub systems does the autonomic nervous system split into?
- sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
Define antagonistic system
antagonistic - when the action of one system opposes the action of the other
Define antagonistic system in relation to the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and how they coordinate responses
- under normal conditions impulses are passing along the neurones of both systems at a relatively low rate
- changes to conditions lead to an altered balance between the 2 systems which leads to an appropriate response
Compare the structure and function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic NS:
- most active in rest
-neurones of a pathway linked at ganglion within target tissue (long pre-ganglion, short post-ganglion neurone)
- post-ganglionic neurones secrete acetylcholine at synapse btw neurone +effector
- heart rate decreased
- pupil size narrow=constrict
- ventilation rate decreases
-saliva production increase
- smooth muscle in bronchiole walls contract
- decreased urine production
- secrete gastric juice
- increased digestion
Sympathetic NS:
-most active times of fight/flight
- neurones of a pathway linked at a ganglion outside spinal cord ~(long post-ganglion neurone, short pre-ganglion)
- post-ganglion neurones secrete noradrenaline at synapse btw neurone +effector
- heart rate increase
- pupil size wider= dilated
- ventilation rate increase
- decreased saliva production
- smooth muscle in walls of bronchioles relax
- increase urine production
- reduced peristalsis
- reduced peristalsis
Label a diagram of the brain - cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, hypothalamus, pituitary gland
What is the structure of the cerebrum?
- split into 2 hemispheres (left and right)
- 2 hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum
-left hemisphere=Rhs body
-right hemisphere=Lhs body - outermost layer is cerebral cortex
- cerebral cortex divided into 4 lobes -(frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal)
- 3 types of area in cerebral cortex - (association, sensory, motor)
What are the roles of the sensory areas, association areas and motor areas of the cerebral cortex?
Sensory- receives impulss from receptors and passes it onto association areas
Association - compare input with previous experiences in order to analyse and act on input
Motor - send impulses to effectors to bring about response
What is the role of the cerebellum in coordinated musclar movement?
- if muscle movement conscious its from cerebrum
- cerebellum coordinates info from retina/balance organs/spindle fibres to make adjustments for fine control (posture/balance/nonvoluntary move)
