Pathology - Neoplasia Flashcards
1
Q
what is dysplasia?
A
disordered growth, not yet beyond the basement membrane
2
Q
what is carcinoma in situ?
A
dysplasia affecting the whole of the epithelium (between dysplasia and metaplasia)
3
Q
4 causes at cellular/genetic level of cancer
A
- oncogenes
- tumour suppressor genes
- problem with spell checkers like p53
- evasion of apoptosis
4
Q
how does radiation cause DNA damage?
A
causes the formation of pyrimidine dimers
5
Q
what is angiogenesis and what does it involve?
A
- the ability of tumours to create new blood vessels
- involves PDGF and VEGF
6
Q
what are oncogenes?
A
genes that stimulate cell proliferation
7
Q
3 categories of growth receptors
A
- receptors with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
- 7 transmembrane G protein coupled receptors
- receptors without intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
8
Q
two mismatch repair genes
A
MLH1/2, PMS1/2
9
Q
how is apoptosis evaded?
A
- p53 usually increases BAX levels, with stops BCl2 (anti apoptotic molecule)
- if p53 function is altered, BCl2 levels increase
- anti apoptotic activity is increased
10
Q
4 features of a benign tumour
A
- round
- symmetrical
- homogenous
- encapsulated
11
Q
8 features of a malignant tumour
A
- infiltrative
- asymmetrical
- heterogenous
- hyperchromatic
- high N:C ratio
- pleomorphic
- mitoses
- necrosis
