Week 6 Flashcards
What is the treatment for haemorrhoids?
Fibre and fluid increase
Topical anaesthetic
Surgical - banding, ablation, haemorrhoidectomy
Lower GI bleeding results in different coloured blood depending on location.
Where does black blood indicate bleeding?
Where does frank blood indicate bleeding?
Where does frank red - brown red indicate bleeding?
Upper GI
Lower GI
Large, active bleeding bowel
What are some of the causes of lower GI bleeding?
Ulcerative colitis Crohn's disease Haemorrhoids Trauma Carcinoma Polyps IBD Anorectal disease Diverticulitis
What is the nursing management for bowel conditions?
Review of dietary habits - determine fibre intake Dietician referral Review bowel habits Assess abdomen (IAPP) Assess pain - analgesia Antiemetics if nauseous Antibiotics if prescribed Stool chart (aperients as required) Physio review of mobility an issue Fluid balance - encourage fluids Encourage appropriate dietary intake Postop care Stoma care Perforation observation - increased intense abdominal pain, rigidity, fever, tachycardia, hypotension
How are bowel conditions diagnosed and what is the medical management?
Barium enema/swallow Faecal occult blood test Stool specimen Physical examination NGT aspiration to exclude upper gastrointestinal issues Rectal exam Endoscopy Biopsy to test for cellular changes CT scan Abdominal X-ray
Analgesia Antispasmodics NBM or clear fluids Combination antibiotics (triple combo for cancer or diverticulitis) Corticosteroids Aminosalicylates Immunosuppressants Surgery
What are the risk factors for colorectal cancer?
What are the signs and symptoms?
Where is it most common?
Increasing age Family history of colon cancer or polyps Past history of breast, genital, bowel cancer or polyps Past history of adenomatous polyps History of Crohn's High fat, high protein, low fibre diet
Change in bowel habits Blood in stools Anaemia Anorexia Weight loss Fatigue
Sigmoid colon
What is Crohn’s disease?
Chronic inflammation of all layers of the bowel wall from the intestinal mucosa, which causes ulceration.
What are the signs and symptoms of Crohn’s disease?
Lower right quadrant abdominal pain
Diarrhoea
Cramps and tenderness
Weight loss
Fever
In what sex and age groups is Crohn’s disease most common?
Women
Adolescents/young adults
Older adults 50-80
Where does Crohn’s disease most commonly occur?
Distal ileum and ascending colon
What is diverticulitis?
Inflammation and infection caused by food and bacteria retained in the diverticulum (small hernias of mucosa through muscle wall of bowel)
What are the signs and symptoms of diverticulitis?
Bowel pattern irregularity Soft smelly and frequent bowel motions Episodes of diarrhoea LLQ abdominal cramping Fever
What can contribute to diverticulitis and what complications can diverticulitis cause?
Fatty foods
Perforation Bleeding Access formation Spasticity of colon Peritonitis
What percentage of adults does diverticulitis affect and in what setting is it prevalent?
Affects 45% of adults over 45
Prevalent in aged care >70 years of age
What is malabsorption syndrome and what are the patient indications?
What are some contributing factors to malabsorption syndrome?
Impaired digestion or absorption of nutrients from intestine
History of diarrhoea
Frequent loose bulky foul smelling stools
Stools often greyish in colour
Disease of small intestine Prolonged antibiotic use Diseases of gallbladder and liver Damage to intestine from trauma Radiation therapy
