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Clinical Pathology > 64 - Diseases of the head and neck > Flashcards

64 - Diseases of the head and neck Flashcards

1
Q

Most common malignant tumour of oral cavity?

A

SCC

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2
Q

most likely spot to get tumour in oral cavity?

A

floor of mouth

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3
Q

Carcinoma of oral cavity - aetiology

A

Tobacco and alcohol note synergistic relationship between two
Meat and red chilli powder
genetics

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4
Q

HPV types

A

HPV16 and 18

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5
Q

Protective factors for oral cavity carcinomas

A

anti oxidants in fruit and veg (vit A and C)

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6
Q

Pre-cancerous lesions and conditions

A 
submucous fibrosis
actinic keratosis
lichen planus
leukoplakia and erythroplakia
chronic hyperplastic candidosis
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7
Q

most common cancer in larynx

A

SCC

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8
Q

HPV numbers for laryngeal cancer

A

6 and 11

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9
Q

Risk factors for laryngeal cancer

A

Tobacco and -OH
Diet with low green leafy veg and rich in salt preserved meats and dietary fats
Metal/plastic workers
Exposure to paint, diesel and gas fumes, asbestos.
Radiation
Laryngopharyngeal reflux
Genetics

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10
Q

Lichen planus -

A

muco-cutaneous condition

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11
Q

Lichen planus - pathogenesis

A

unknown however suggested t-cell mediated immune response

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12
Q

Lichen planus - clinical presentation

A

itchy, purple papules forming plaques with Wickham’s striae

Oral lesions = reticular striations, plaque-like, erosive, ulcerative lesions, desquamative gingivitis

Small risk of malignant transformation

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13
Q

Vocal cord nodules and polyps

A

Reactive lesions
Heavy smokers or singers
Adults and men affected

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14
Q

Vocal cord nodules and polyps - clinical presentation

A

hoarseness
change in vocal quality
increased effort producing voice
usually located on the true vocal cords

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15
Q

Nasal polyps

A

Recurrent attacks of rhinitis
4cm
allergic aetiology

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16
Q

Nasal polyps - histology

A

oedematous mucosa with loose stroma containing hyperplastic/cystic mucous glands infiltrated with mixed inflammatory infiltrate rich in eosinophils

17
Q

Acute and chronic otitis media -

A

infants and children

viral w/ general URTI

18
Q

Acute and chronic otitis media - causative organisms

A

strep. pneumoniae
h.influenzae
moraxella catarrhalis

19
Q

Acute and chronic otitis media - causative organisms chronically

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa, staph. aureus

20
Q

Acute and chronic otitis media - complications

A

perforation of ear drum
aural polyps, cholesteatoma
mastoiditis, temporal cerebritis or abscess
destructive necrotising otitis

21
Q

Destructive necrotising ostitis is a consequence of otitis media

A

in a diabetic person esp. when P. aeruginosa is the causative organism

22
Q

Cholesteatoma -

A

Associated w/ chronic otitis media

23
Q

Cholesteatoma - pathogenesis

A

chronic inflammation and perforation of the eardrum due to ingrowth of squamous epithelium or metaplasia of secretory epithelial lining of middle ear

24
Q

Cholesteatoma - microscopically

A

cystic lesions lined by keratinising squamous epithelium and filled with debris and cholesterol clefts

25
Q

Cholesteatoma - complications

A

precipitates surrounding inflam rxn enhance by rupture and may result in foreign body giant cell rxn

erosion of ossicles, the labyrinth and adjacent bone

hearing loss

v. rare. CNS complications: brain abscess and meningitis

26
Q

Otosclerosis

A

abnormal bone deposition in the middle ear usually bilateral. begins early in life and familial

27
Q

Otosclerosis - pathogenesis

A

uncoupling of normal bone resorption and formation

fibrous ankylosis -> bony overgrowth -> anchorage of middle ear bones to oval window

28
Q

Otosclerosis - clinical features

A

Degree of immobilisation governs the severity of hearing loss

Slowly progressive leading to hearing loss

29
Q

Labyrinthitis -

A

inflammatory disorder of inner ear

30
Q

Labyrinthitis - clinical presentation

A

disturbances of balance and hearing

31
Q

Labyrinthitis - autoimmune processes

A

Wegener granulomatosis or polyarteritis nodosa

32
Q

Carcinomas - ear

A

External (pinna) - BCC and SCC. elderly men

Ear canal - SCC, middle-aged to elderly women not associated w/ sun exposure

33
Q

Paragangliomas -

A

most common tumour of the middle ear, originating in the paraganglia

34
Q

Paragangliomas - presenting symptoms

A

pulsatile tinnitus, hearing loss, aural pressure/fullness, dizziness, otalgia and bloody otorrhea

Clinical Pathology (65 decks)

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