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Microbiology > CP 6 - Childhood Virus > Flashcards

CP 6 - Childhood Virus Flashcards

1
Q

what are some of the conditions seen in children which requires reporting to public health England

A

acute meingitis, acute poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella, smallpox

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2
Q

what immunoglobulin antibody is present in breast milk?

A

IgA

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3
Q

which virus cause measles?

A

paramyxovirus

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4
Q

how is paramyxovirus transmitted?

A

person to person - droplet spread

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5
Q

how long is the incubation period for measles

A

7-18 days

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6
Q

what are some clinical symptoms of measles

A

fever, malaise, conjunctivitis, coryza and cough (3Cs), rash - head to trunk

(Koplik’s spots) then rash + fever + 3Cs cough/coryza/conjunctivits

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7
Q

what does prodrome mean ?

A

early symptoms

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8
Q

what is conjunctivitis

A

injection of the conjunctiva

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9
Q

what is coryza

A

irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane inside the nose

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10
Q

what is a characteristic for measles which appear before rash

A

Koplik’s spots - manifest 2-3 days before the appearance of rash

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11
Q

what are some of the complication of measles

A

otitis media (medial ear infection - can lead to hearing loss), pneumonia, diarrhoea, rare - acute encephalitis, v. rare - subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (v. deadly)

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12
Q

how is measles diagnosed

A

clinical presentation, leukopenia (reduction in WBC), oral fluid sample, serology

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13
Q

what are treatment for measles

A

virus - symptoms relief and antibiotic for superficial infection.

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14
Q

what is the prevention of measles

A

MMR vaccine

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15
Q

which virus cause chicken pox

A

varicella zoster virus

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16
Q

how is varicella zoster virus transmitted

A

respiratory spread/personal contact

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17
Q

what is the incubation period of the varicella zoster virus

A

14-15 days

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18
Q

when will the varicella zoster virus be in infective stage

A

2 days before onset of rash until after vesicles dry up

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19
Q

what are some of the clinical features of VZV

A

fever, malaise, anorexia, rash - centripetal (concentrated in the middle of the body) & vesicular

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20
Q

what are some of the complication for VZV

A

pneumonitis, CNS involvement (shingles), thrombocytopenic purpura (easy or excessive bleeding) , foetal varicella snydrome, zoster

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21
Q

who is at greater risk of more severe complication of varicella zoster viruses

A

smoker and those who take long term steroids

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22
Q

what are the diagnosis for varicella zoster virus

A

clinical presentation, PCR - vesicle fluid/CSF, serology (IgG in pregnant women)

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23
Q

treatment for varicella zoster virus

A

for symptomatic adults and immunocompromised children - aciclovir

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24
Q

how can varicella zoster virus be prevented?

A

live vaccine, 2 doses & varicella zoster virus immunoglobulin (maybe to immunosuppressed patients, neonates and pregnant woman)

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25
Q

which virus cause rubella

A

togavirus (RNA virus)

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26
Q

how is togavirus transmitted?

A

droplet spread - air bourne

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27
Q

incubation period for togavirus

A

14-21 days

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28
Q

when will togavirus be infective?

A

one week before rash to 4 days after

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29
Q

what are some of the clinical presentation for rubella

A

lymphadenopathy (abnormal lymph node), suboccipital, post-auricular (behind eyes), rash (very non-specific, transient, behind ears and face and neck)

30
Q

what are some complication for rubella

A

thrombocytopenia (deficiency of platelet), post infectious encephalitis, arthritis

31
Q

will rubella always be symptomatic

A

no, about 50% of children are asymptomatic

32
Q

where will rashes of rubella start?

A

from face then spread to the rest of the body

33
Q

what is congenital rubella syndrome

A

rubella in pregnancy

34
Q

what can congenital rubella syndrome cause to the baby?

A 
cataracts and eye defects
deafness 
microcephaly
cardiac abnormalities 
retardation of intra-uterine growth 
inflammatory lesions of brain, liver, lungs and bone marrow
35
Q

when is the most dangerous period for pregnant woman to contract rubella resulting in congenital rubella syndrome

A

the more early the infection is the more dangerous it is

36
Q

how can rubella be diagnosed

A

oral fluid testing - IgM/G
serology - IgM/G
antibodies detectable from time of rash, IgM +ve for 1-3 months

37
Q

what are treatment for rubella

A

no treatment available - Ig given to exposed pregnant women

38
Q

what is erythema infectiosum caused by

A

parvovirus B19

39
Q

how is parvovirus B19 transmitted?

A

by respiratory secretions or from mother to child

40
Q

what can parvovirus cause in pregnant ladies?

A

v.low risk of miscarriage in early pregnancy

can cause foetal disease - anaemia, hydrops which requires transfusion.

41
Q

what is infection of parvovirus B19 common known as

A

slipped cheek disease

42
Q

what are some of the clinical presentation for parvovirus B19

A

minor respiratory illness, rash illness ‘slapped cheeck’, arthralgia (painful joint), aplastic anaemia (also in immunosuppressed)

43
Q

what are the diagnosis for parvovirus B19

A

serology IgM/IgG, amniotic fluid sampling,

44
Q

treatment for slapped cheek disease?

A

none if self-limiting, blood transfusion

45
Q

when is parvovirus infective?

A

before rash appear (makes diagnosis and prevent difficult as once rash appears then no longer infective)

46
Q

what can cause hand, foot and mouth disease

A

enteroviral, echociral, coxsackie

47
Q

what can cause respiratory syncytial virus

A

Pneumovirus

48
Q

clinical presentation for respiratory syncytial virus

A

bronchiolitis

49
Q

diagnosis for respiratory syncytial virus

A

PCR on secretion from nasopharyngeal aspirate

50
Q

treatment for respiratory syncytial virus

A

O2 really usaully self-limiting

51
Q

what other virus can cause similar respiratory illness similar to RSV

A

Metapneumovirus

52
Q

diagnosis for metapneuovirus

A

PCR

53
Q

what does adenovirus cause?

A

respsonsible for 10% of childhood respiratory infection

54
Q

clinical presentation of adenovirus?

A

conjunctivitis & URTI

55
Q

diagnosis for adenovirus

A

respiratory panel PCR, eye swab PCR

56
Q

how is parainfluenza transmitted?

A

person to person - inhalational croup/broncholitis/URTI

57
Q

what does rhinovirus cause?

A

common cold

58
Q

what are the 2 types of viruses which can cause diarrhoea

A

rotavirus, norovirus

59
Q

how is rotavirus transmitted

A

faecal-oral

60
Q

clinical presentation of rotavirus

A

diarrhoea and vomiting

61
Q

diagnosis and treatment for rotavirus

A

PCR & rehydration

62
Q

how can rotavirus be prevented

A

oral live vaccine

63
Q

what is another name for norovirus

A

winter vomiting bug

64
Q

how can norovirus be transmitted

A

person to person spread

65
Q

diagnosis and treatment for norovirus

A

PCR and rehydration

66
Q

what can cause Mumps

A

paramyxoviridae family

67
Q

how can paramyxovirida family ie mumps be transmitted?

A

direct contact, droplet spread

68
Q

when is paramyxovirida family infective

A

several days before and after

69
Q

clinical features for mumps

A

initial - non-specific - low-grade fever, anorexia, malaise and headache

next 24 hours - earache, tenderness over ipsilateral parotid

next 2-3 days - gradual swelling of parotid with sever pain

pyrexia - up to 40 degree

70
Q

what are some of the rarer complication for mumps

A 
Submandibular and/or sublingual sialadenitis 
Epididymo-orchitis 
Oophoritis 
Meningitis 
Encephalitis 
Renal function abnormalities (mild) 
Pancreatitis
71
Q

what is the most common clinical presentation of mumps in adult

A

Epididymo-orchitis

72
Q

diagnosis of mumps

A

Serology (IgM)
Blood
Saliva
(PCR)

Microbiology (8 decks)

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