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Geography (Physical) > Water On The Land > Flashcards

Water On The Land Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hydrologicak cycle?

A

The constant movement of water between land, sea and the atmosphere

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2
Q

What type of cycle is the hydrological cycle?

A

A continuous cycle, no beginning or end

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3
Q

What is river erosion?

A

The wearing away of the Earth’s surface by rivers

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4
Q

Where does river erosion occur?

A

The upper course because the land is steeper

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5
Q

What are the two erosional directions?

A

Lateral and vertical

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6
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

The sheer force of the water against the bed and banks of the river

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7
Q

What is abrasion?

A

When the load that the river is carrying repeatedly hits the bed and banks of the river causing sime of the material to break off

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8
Q

What is attrition?

A

When stones and boulders that are carried in the river hit and knoch into eachother are weakened over time. Bits fall off and they reduce in size

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9
Q

What is solution?

A

The chemical action of rivers. Only occurs when the water flows over certain rocks like limestone because its soluble and dissolves in water

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10
Q

What are the four methods of transportation?

A

Traction, saltation, suspension, solution

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11
Q

What is traction?

A

Large boulders rolling along the river bed - this is the method with the most amount of energy required

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12
Q

What is saltation?

A

Smaller pepples that are bounced along the river bed, picked up then dropped as the flow in the river changes

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13
Q

What is suspension?

A

The finer salt and silt sized particles are carried in the flow of the river giving the river a brown appearance

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14
Q

What is solution? Transportation

A

Minerals dissolved in the water of the river which can’t be seen

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15
Q

Why is the rivers load often deposited?

A

Because the amount of energy in the river drops

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16
Q

Where does verticle erosion occur?

A

Upper course of the river

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17
Q

Where does lateral erosion occur?

A

Lower and middle course of the river

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18
Q

How is a waterfall formed?

A

Water falls over a ledge.
Water in the plunge pool flicks rocks up into soft rock (hydraulic action) to erode it
Forms and undercut and the hard rock becomes an over hang
Over time it becomes so weak it breaks off
Eventually the waterfall retreats

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19
Q

Why is a meander formed?

A

Lateral erosion

The river uses surplus energy by swinging one way and the other

20
Q

Where are meanders usually found?

A

Middle and lower course of a river

21
Q

Where is there more energy in a meander? And what does it cause?

A

Outside bend, erosion

22
Q

Where does deposition occur in a meander?

A

On the inside of the bend

23
Q

How is an oxbow lake formed?

A

The neck of the meander narrows and eventually joins together to cut off the bend because the river finds the shortest course where there can be a strong current

24
Q

What is a levée?

A

A natural embankment

25
Q

How is a levée formed?

A

Increased deposition on the river bed when the river is low gradually raises the river bed upwards and after many floods the deposits on the bank build

26
Q

Why does river flooding occur?

A

When the volume of water discharge is so great that all the water cannot be contained in the river channel

27
Q

What does a flood hydrograph show?

A

How a river responds to a rainstorm

28
Q

What is lag time?

A

The difference in time between the peak of the rainstorm and the peak of river discharge

29
Q

Hat does the line on a hydrograph show?

A

The river discharge

30
Q

What is river discharge measured in?

A

M^3 /s

31
Q

What factors affect discharge?

A

Previous weather conditions, precipitation, land use, deforestation, builing construction, temperature, rock type (if it is permeable or not)

32
Q

What are some hard engineering strategies to control flooding?

A 
Dams
Channel straightening 
Dredging
Levees or foood walls
Dredging
33
Q

Where is a dam usually built?

A

Upper course

34
Q

What does a dam do?

A

Controls discharge downstream so can reduce the chance of flooding

35
Q

What can be created by a dam and why is it good?

A

Resevoir

Recreation and HEP

36
Q

What are some problems of dams?

A

Expensive to build and maintain
Loss of farmland and villages by flooding of land for resevoir
If it breaks it will be a disaster

37
Q

What is good about channel straightening?

A

Water moves quickly from the area

38
Q

What is bad about channel starightening?

A

Increases flood rick downstream because the water travels so quickly

39
Q

What is good about building levees?

A

Relatively cheap and only need building once

40
Q

What is bad about the building of levees?

A

They block views of the river, dredging needs to be done every year

41
Q

What is soft engineering?

A

Adapting to floods and using natural processe to help deal with heavy rainfall

42
Q

What are some soft engineering strategies?

A

Flood plain zoning
Afforestation
Flood warning system

43
Q

What is Kielder Water?

A

A man made lake in northumbria

44
Q

How much did kielder water cost to create

A

£185million

45
Q

Why was kielder water created?

A

More fresh water
HEP
stop flooding in newcasle
Supplying water to Tyneside and Teeside

46
Q

How much does kielder water store?

A

200billion litres

47
Q

What are rivers and pipelines used for?

A

To transfer water from major resevoirs in wet areas to big cities where there is a high demand for water

Geography (Physical) (11 decks)

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