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Renal > embryology > Flashcards

embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Intermediate mesoderm gives rise to

A

urogenital ridge

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2
Q

urogenital ridge gives rise to …(and then)

A

nephrogenic ridge –>develos into 3 stes of nephric structure –> a. pronephros b. mesonephros
c. metanephros

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3
Q

sets of nephric structure (and area)

A
  1. pronephros (upper - cranial most)
  2. mesonephroes (middle)
  3. metanephros (lower - caudal most)
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4
Q

pronephros - time

A

appears at week 4 and then degenerates

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5
Q

pronephros - function

A

not functional in humans 5

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6
Q

pronephros develops by

A

the differentiation of mesoderm within the nephrogenic cord to form pronephric tubules and the pronephric duct

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7
Q

mesonephros develops by

A

the differentiation of mesoderm within the nephrogenic cord to form mesonephric tubules and the mesonephric duct (Wolffian duct)

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8
Q

mesonephric duct is AKA

A

Wolffian duct

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9
Q

mesonephros - function

A
  1. interim kidney for 1st trimester

2. later contributes to male genital center (mesonephric duct)

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10
Q

mesonephros - regression

A

most of the mesonephric tubules regress, but the mesonephric duct (Wolffian duct) persists to open into urogenital sinus

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11
Q

Metanephros - time

A

1st appears in 5th week of gestation –> nephrogenesis continuous through 32-36 weeks of gestation

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12
Q

metanephros is functional in fetus in (time)

A

week ten

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13
Q

metanephros is consist by

A
  1. ureteric bud

2. metanephric parenchyma (metanephric blastema)

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14
Q

metanephros is consist by …. (developed by)

A
  1. ureteric bud –> derived from caudal end of mesonephric duct
  2. metanephric parenchyma (metanephric blastema) –> condensation of mesoderm within nephrogenic cord
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15
Q

metanephros is consist by …. (gives rises generally)

A
  1. ureteric bud –> collecting system

2. metanephric parenchyma (metanephric blastema) –> nephron

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16
Q

ureteric bud gives rise to (explain)

A

collecting system: it penetrates metanephric mesoderm to form the ureter, pelvises, calyces, collecting ducts

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17
Q

metanephric parenchyma (metanephric blastema) gives rise to (explain) (and time

A

nephron –> interaction with uteric dud induce differentation and formation of glomerulus through to distal convolutd tubule (DCT)
- ureteric bud is fully canalized at (10th week)

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18
Q

ureteric bud is fully canalized at

A

10th week

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19
Q

aberant interaction between ureteric bud and metanephric mesoderm may rsult in

A

several congenital malformations of the kidney

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20
Q

renal - DCT?

A

distal convolutd tubule

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21
Q

most common cause of renal system obstruction (hydronephrosis) in fetus (and why)

A

Ureteropelvic juction - last to canalize

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22
Q

Kidney embryology - last to canalize

A

Ureteropelvic junction

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23
Q

Oligohydramnios is a

A

condition in pregnancy characterized by a deficiency of amniotic fluid

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24
Q

Potter sequence (syndrome) is the

A

atypical physical appearance of a fetus or neonate due to oligohydramnios experienced in the uterus

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25
Q

Potter sequence (syndrome) - mechanism and manifestations

A

Oligohydramnios –> compression of developing fetus (by the uterus) –> limb deformites, facial anomalies, pulmonary hypoplasia

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26
Q

Potter sequence (syndrome) - presentation

A
  1. limb deformites
  2. facial anomalies (low set ears, retrognathia, flattened nose)
  3. pulmonary hypoplasia
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27
Q

Potter sequence (syndrome) - presentation - facial anomalies?

A
  1. low set ears
  2. retrognathia
  3. flattened nose
28
Q

Potter sequence (syndrome) - pulmonary hypoplasia - mechanism

A

compression of chest and LACK of aspiration of amniotic fluid into fetal lung

29
Q

The fetal urine and lungs

A

The fetal urine is critical to the proper development of the lungs by aiding in the expansion of the airways - alveoli

30
Q

Potter sequence (syndrome) - cause of death

A

pulmonary hypoplasia

31
Q

causes of Potter sequence (syndrome)

A
  1. ARPKD
  2. obstructive uropathy (posterior urethral valves)
  3. bilateral renal agenesis
  4. chronic placental insuficiency
32
Q

Potter sequence (syndrome) - mnemonic

A 
POTTER 
Pulmonary hypoplasia
Oligohydramnios (trigger)
Twisted face 
Twisted skin
Extremitiy defects 
Renal failure (in utero)
33
Q

MC congenital renal abnormality

A

Horseshoe kidney

34
Q

Horseshoe kidney - defnition

A

interior poles of both kidneys fuse abnormally

35
Q

Horseshoe kidney - function?

A

normally

36
Q

Horseshoe kidney - location

A

As they ascend from pelvis during fetal development, horseshoe kidneys get trapped under inferior mesenteric artery and remain low in the abdomen

37
Q

Horseshoe kidney is associated with

A
  1. hydronephrosis (eg. ureteropelvic junction)
  2. renal stones
  3. infection
  4. chromosomal aneuploidy syndromes (Turner syndrome, trisomies 13, 18, 21)
  5. renal cancer (rarely)
38
Q

Unilateral renal agenesis - mechanism and defintion

A

ureteric bud fails to develop and induce differentation of metanephric mesenchyme –> COMPLETE ABSENCE OF KIDNEY AND URETER

39
Q

Unilateral renal agenesis - definition

A

complete absence of kidney and ureter

40
Q

Unilateral renal agenesis - diagnosis

A

often perinatally via ultrasound

41
Q

Multicystic dysplstic kidney - mechanism and defintion

A

Ureteric bud fails to induce differentiation of metanephric mesenchyme –> nonfuctonal kidney consisting of cysts and connective tissue

42
Q

Multicystic dysplstic kidney - definiton

A

nonfuctonal kidney consisting of cysts and connective tissue

43
Q

Multicystic dysplstic kidney - diagnosis

A

often perinatally via ultrasound

44
Q

Duplex collecting system - mechanism/defintion

A
  • Bifurcation of ureteric bud before it enters the metanephric blastema creates a Y-shaped bifid ureter.
  • Duplex collecting system can alternatively occur through two ureteric buds reaching and interacting with metanephric blastema
45
Q

Duplex collecting system - is strongly associated with

A
  1. vesicoulateral refelx
  2. ureteral obstruction
  3. high risk of UTIs
46
Q

Congenital solitary functional kidney - defintion/mechanism

A

Condition of being born with only one functional kidney

47
Q

Congenital solitary functional kidney - clinical presentation

A

Majority asymptomatic with compensatory hypertrophy of contralateral kidney, but anomalies in contralateral kidney are common –> increased risk of rena failure later in life

48
Q

which kidney is taken during donor transplantation (and why)

A

Left kidney is taken during donor transplantation because it has a longer renal vein (implantation advantage)

49
Q

kdiney - shape

A

bean shaped organ

50
Q

Renal blood flow

A

renal artery –> segmental artery –> interlobar artery –> arcuate artery –> interlobular artery –> afferent arteriole –> glomerulus –> efferent arteriole –> vasa recta/peritubular capillaries –> venous outflow

51
Q

peritubular capillaries are

A

tiny blood vessels that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron

52
Q

Arcuate arteries of the kidney - location

A

border of the renal cortex and renal medulla.

53
Q

glomerulus structure - inner of vessel lumen (to collecting system)

A

endothelial cells –> basement membrane –> podocytes (visceral layer) –> Bowman space –> Parietal layer of Bowman capsule

54
Q

glomerulus structure - outer of vessel lumen (away from the collecting system)

A
  • Juxtraglomerular cells (next to afferent arteriole)–> Macula densa –> distal convoluted tubule
  • mesangial cells
55
Q

Components of glomerular filtration barrier (only the components)

A
  1. Endothelial cells
  2. Basement membrane
  3. Podocytes (visceral layer)
56
Q

Bowman capsule - layers (and location)

A
  1. Podocytes (visceral layer) –> to vessel lumen

2. Parietal layer of Bowman capsule –> away from the vessel lumen

57
Q

mesangial cells function

A
  1. remove trapped residues and aggregated protein from the basement membrane thus (filter free of debris)
  2. The contractile properties of mesangial cells have been shown to be insignificant in changing the filtration pressure of the glomerulus
58
Q

ureters: coarse

A

RETROPERIOTENEAL
the ureters pass UNDER uterine artery (women) or UNDER vas deferens on the way to the urinary bladder at the ureteral orifice
mneomoni: Water (ureters) under the bridge (uterine artery, vas deferens

59
Q

ureters: coarse –> mneominic: Water under the bridge - water? bridge?

A

water –> ureters

bridge –> uterine artery, vas deferens

60
Q

Gyeclogic procedures - uteres course –> clinical significance

A

Gynecologic procedures (eg. ligation of uterine or ovarian vessels) may damage ureter (ureters pass UNDER uterine artery) –> ureteral obstruction or leak

61
Q

ureters terminates in the urinary bladder through .. (and area)

A

postero-lateral angles of the trigone

62
Q

Trigone of urinary bladder is a

A

smooth triangular region of the internal urinary bladder formed by the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice.

63
Q

Median umbilical ligament - significance

A

It may be used as a landmark for surgeons who are performing laparoscopy, such as laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair.

64
Q

Median umbilical ligament is the remnant of the (and location according to bladder)

A

embryonic urachus

location: superior of the the middle of the bladder

65
Q

Horseshoe Kidney - chromosomal aneuploidy syndromes

A

turner, trisomies 13, 18, 21

Renal (15 decks)

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