Chapter 11- Personality

Question 1

an individual’s characteristic pattern thinking, feeling, and acting

Answer 1

personality

Question 2

view of personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

Answer 2

psychodynamic theories

Question 3

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Answer 3

psychoanalysis

Question 4

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

Answer 4

unconscious

Question 5

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how unimportant or embarrassing

Answer 5

free association

Question 6

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. It operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

Answer 6

id

Question 7

the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, balances the demands of the id, superego, and reality. It operates on the reality principles, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Answer 7

ego

Question 8

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future goals

Answer 8

superego

Question 9

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

Answer 9

psychosexual stages

Question 10

according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Answer 10

Oedipus complex

Question 11

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos

Answer 11

identification

Question 12

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

Answer 12

fixation

Question 13

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Answer 13

defense mechanism

Question 14

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness the thoughts, feelings and memories that arouse anxiety

Answer 14

repression

Question 15

a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides an unclear image designed to trigger projection of the test-taker’s unconscious thoughts or feelings

Answer 15

projective test

Question 16

the most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Answer 16

Rorschach inkblot test

Question 17

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs; at the base are physiological needs that must be satisfied before higher-level safety needs, and then psychological needs become active

Answer 17

hierarchy of needs

Question 18

according to Maslow, the psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill our potential

Answer 18

self-actualization

Question 19

according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self

Answer 19

self-transcendence

Question 20

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

Answer 20

unconditional positive regard

Question 21

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “who am I?”

Answer 21

Self-concept

Question 22

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a tendency to feel act in a certain way, as assessed by self-reports on a personality test

Answer 22

trait

Question 23

a cluster of behavior tendencies that occur together

Answer 23

factor

Question 24

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

Answer 24

Minnesota Multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)

Question 25

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

Answer 25

personality inventory

Question 26

the interacting influences of behavior, internal personal factors, and environment

Answer 26

reciprocal determinism

Question 27

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context

Answer 27

social-cognitive perspective

Question 28

our sense of competence and effectiveness

Answer 28

self-efficacy

Question 29

your image and understanding of who you are; in modern psychology, the idea that this is the center of personality, organizing your thoughts, feelings, and actions

Answer 29

self

Question 30

overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

Answer 30

spotlight effect

Question 31

our feelings of high or low self-worth

Answer 31

self-esteem

Question 32

our readiness to perceive ourselves favorably

Answer 32

self-serving bias

Question 33

giving priority to our own goals over group goals and defining our identity in terms of personal traits rather than group membership

Answer 33

individualism

Question 34

giving priority to the goals of our group (often our extended family or work group and defining our identity accordingly

Answer 34

collectivism

Question 35

the big five factors

Answer 35

canoe-

• conscientiousness
• agreeableness
• neuroticism (emotional stability vs instability)
• openness
• extraversion