Quick Contracts

Question 1

What is a unilateral contract?

Answer 1

offer that expressly requires performance as the only possible method. Look for words “only by”
Cannot be revoked once performance has begun. (mere preparation does not trigger the beginning of performance)Acceptance does not occur until performance is complete.

Question 2

Does common law or UCC apply to mixed services/goods deal? what is the doctrine called?

Answer 2

Predominate Purpose Test: Whichever service (CL) or goods (UCC) is predominate in the contract, that’s which law you should apply.

Question 3

Is price required in a common law contract?

Answer 3

YES…but not required in a UCC contract.

Question 4

When can ads be offers?

Answer 4

Generally not, unless either ad is in the nature of a reward, or if it is specific to quantity and expressly indicates who can accept.

Question 5

When does revocation of an offer become effective?

Answer 5

When it is recveived. Mail box rule does not apply to revocation of offer.

Question 6

What is the Merchant Firm Offer Rule?

Answer 6

an offer cannot be revoked for up to 3months, IF 1) offer to buy or sell goods, 2)signed, written promise to keep the offer open and 3) party is a merchant.

Question 7

What is the effect of a conditional acceptance on an offer?

Answer 7

It termiatnes the offer and becomes a new offer (like a counter offer), look for words “if”, “but”, “provided”, “so long as” “on the condition that”

Question 8

When are additional terms part of the contract?

Answer 8

Under common law - adding additional terms is a violation of the mirror image rule thus, no accpetance

Under UCC -
1) Is there a contract? “seasonable expression of acceptance” adding new terms is generally treated as an acceptance, BUT

2) the additional term is NOT part of the contract if between merchants, if it materially changes the offer, OR if the offeror object to the change

Question 9

When is past consideration considered condieration?

Answer 9

Generally never. 1 exception is when it is expressly requrested and there is an expectation of payment. (although Virginia rejects this exception)

Question 10

If SoL has run on a debt collection, and the debtor offers in writing to pay a fraction of the debt to the creditor, is it enforceable?

Answer 10

Yes. Even without consideration. ALthough Cvreditor cannot collect orgiinal amoung

Question 11

When can those who lack capacity sue under contract law?

Answer 11

If they are hired to perform, fulfil there duty, and the other side does not live up to their end of the bargain. If infant never performs, obviouls there is no breach…..If infant enter contract while under 18, but continues to make payments on a car after they turn 18 contract is enforceable because Infant retained benefit AFTER age of capacity was reached.

Question 12

What types of contracts fall within the statute of frauds?

Answer 12

1) promises in consideration of marriage
2) promise by executor of estate to pay debt obligation from own funds
3) Promises to answer for the debts of another
4) Service contracts not capable of being performed within 1 year (if task said nothing about time, or is for lifetime, SoF does not apply)
5) Transfers of interest in real estate for more than 1 year (exact 1 year lease would not apply)
6) sale of goods for $500 (exactly 500 or more)

Question 13

How is the SoF satisfied by performance?

Answer 13

Service Contract: Full performance by either party.

Sale of Goods: Part performance will satisfy SoF, ONLY for the goods that have already been delivered. There IS a SoF defense for undelivered goods.

Real Estate Transfer Contract:
Part performance if can satisfy 2 of the following 3: 1) payment (full or close) 2)Possession AND/OR 3) improvements

Question 14

When is SoF satisfied for specially manufactured goods?

Answer 14

as soon as the seller makes a “substantial beginning”

Question 15

How to satisfy the SoF writing requirement for Ks NOT under UCC?

Answer 15

1) Must contain ALL material terms (who what) 2) must be signed by the person to be charged (the D)

Question 16

How to satisfy SoF writing requirement under UCC?

Answer 16

Look to contents, who signed writing and must contain the quantity term.

Question 17

What is the exception the SoF writing requirement under the UCC?

Answer 17

Generally the writing must be signed by the person to be charged (the D). EXCEPT under UCC - the Merchant Confirmatory Memorandum rule, 1) both parties must be merchants 2) person who receives a signed writing with a quantity term that claims there is a contract and fails to respond writing within 10 days of reciept

Question 18

Are contract provisions requiring that all modifications be in writing effective?

Answer 18

Under CL, these are ignored.

Under UCC, contract provisions requiring written modifications are effective unless waived.

Question 19

What is unconscionability in contracts law?

Answer 19

empowers a court to refuse to enofrce all or part of a contract if 1) UNFAIR SURPRISE or 2) OPPRESSIVE TERMS.
Tested as of the time the agreement was made!

Question 20

When has a seller completed his delivery obligation under a shipment contract?

Answer 20

1) gets the goods to a COMMON CARRIER

2) makes REASONABLE ARRANGEMENTS for delivery
3) NOTIFIES the buyer

Question 21

When has a seller completed his delivery obligation under a destination contract?

Answer 21

Look for FOB followed by City name. Obligation satisfied at delivery

Question 22

When does the risk of loss shift?

Answer 22

If Delivery by common carrier: Risk of loss shifts once seller has met his delivery obligations.

If Seller is a merchant: shift to buyer on the buyer’s receipt of goods.

If non-merhcant: shifts to buyer upon tender of goods

Question 23

What are the tricky issues about express warranties?

Answer 23

1) Look for mere puffing “top quality” “best one around”
2) seller’s demonstration of a floor model, and then buyer asks to purchase same model, will bring up an Express Warranty
3) CANNOT BE DISCLAIMED

Question 24

What is the Implied Warranty of Merchantability?

Answer 24

When and goods are purchased from a Merchant (deals in goods of that kind), a term is automatically added to the contract, that the goods are fit for their ordinary purpose
*CAN BE DISCLAIMED BY 1) “as is” or “with all faults” 2) MUST BE CONSPICUOUS

Question 25

What is Implied Warranty of Fitness for a Particular Purpose?

Answer 25

1) buyer has particular purpose to buy goods
2) buyer is RELYING on the SELLER to select suitable goods 3) seller has reason to know of purpose and reliance

*CAN BE DISCLAIMED BY 1) “as is” or “with all faults” 2) MUST BE CONSPICUOUS

Question 26

When can remedies be limited in a contract i for breach of warranty liability?

Answer 26

Remedies can be limited, unless unconscionable (at time of contract formation). Prima facie unconscionability if breach of warranty causes personal injury

Question 27

When does a seller have an option for curing an IMPERFECT tender, AFTER the contract delivery date?

Answer 27

If the seller had reasonable grounds for believing that the improper tender would be acceptable (look for info about prior deals between buyer and seller that allowed such deals)

Question 28

In what type of merchant contracts is perfect tender not applied?

Answer 28

Installment sales contracts. 1) delivery in separate lots, 2) the be separately accepted. - Buyer has right to reject an installment only where there is a SUBSTANTIAL IMPAIRMENT - that can’t be cured

Question 29

When can you revoke your acceptance of goods?

Answer 29

1) noncomformity substantially impairs the value of goods AND
2) Excusable ignorance of grounds for revocation or reasonable reliance on seller’s assurance of satisfaction, and
3) revocation within a reasonable time after discovery of noncomformity (sleeping bag hypo

Question 30

Rejection v Revocation - main points

Answer 30

Rejection
Timing: early, before acceptance
Standard: Perfect tender (generally

Revocation
Timing: Later after acceptance
Standard: Substantial Impairment

Question 31

When would courts grant specific performance?

Answer 31

Contracts for sales of Real Estate
Contract for sales of UNique Goods (artwork, antiques, custom made goods)
Contracts for services - Never, but injunctions might be possible

Question 32

What is Reclamation

Answer 32

Rights of an unpaid seller to get its goods back. 1) buyer must have been insolvent at the time the it received the goods , and 2) Seller must demand goods within 10 days of receipt and 3) buyer still has goods at time of demand

Question 33

What are the rights of Good Faith Purchaser in Entrustment?

Answer 33

If owner leaves goods witha person who sells goods of that kind and that person wrongfully sells the goods to a BFP 3P, BFP purchaser cuts off rights of original owner, entruster. (thiefs are not BFPs)

Question 34

What is the general rule on expectation damages?

Answer 34

Put P in same economic position as if contract had been performed (compensate P, not punish D)

Question 35

What is the rule on reliance interest?

Answer 35

Put P in same economic position as if contract had never happened

Question 36

what is the rule on restitution interest?

Answer 36

Put Defendant in same economic position as if contract had never happened (prevent unjust enrichment)

Question 37

What is the damages rule for sales of goods when Seller breaches, and buyer keeps goods?

Answer 37

Fair market value if perfect minus fair market value as delviered

Question 38

What is the damages rule for sales of goods when Seller breaches, and seller keeps goods?

Answer 38

market price at time of discovery of the breach minus contract price OR replacement price minus contract prices

Question 39

What is the damages rule for sales of goods when Buyer breaches, and Buyer has the goods?

Answer 39

Contract price

Question 40

What is the damages rule for sales of goods when Buyer breaches, and seller has the goods?

Answer 40

Contract price minus market price at time and place of delivery OR contract price minus resale price (and sometime lost profits)

Question 41

When are incidental damages recoverable in K law?

Answer 41

costs in dealing with breach are always recoverable regardless of forseeability

Question 42

When are forseeable consequential special damages awarded in K law?

Answer 42

Damages arising from P’s SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES; recoverable only if D had reason to know at TIME OF CONTRACT

Question 43

When are liquidated damage clauses enforced?

Answer 43

1) damages were difficult to forecast at time contract was made and 2) provision is a reasonable forecast

Question 44

Common Law Material Breach Rule - 3 general rules

Answer 44

1) Damages can be recovered for any breach
2) only a material breach by one guy excuses the other guy from performing
3) whether a breach is material is a fact question (and so whether a breach is material is a fact question (and so whether a breach is material is not likely to be a bar exam question)

Question 45

How can an express condition be excused?

Answer 45

1) Estoppel - based on a statement by the person preotceted by the condition BEFORE the conditioning event was to occur and requires a change of position.
2) Waiver - Waiver is based on a statemebt by the person protected by the condition AFTER the conditioning event was to occur and does not require a change of position

Question 46

Anticipatory Repudiation

Answer 46

UNAMBIGUOUS STATEMENT

1) that the repudiating party will NOT PERFORM
2) made PRIOR to the time that performance was due. - excuses other parties duty to perform
- CAN be retracted as long as there has not been a material change in position by the other party.

Question 47

Recission -

Answer 47

Cancellation of the contract - (look for wheteher or not performance is still remaining - if so, duties can be excused)

Question 48

Accord and Satisfaction

Answer 48

Substituted Performance - (different than what was originally promised to do) ACcord is not enough excuse - must also SATISFY (deliver) look for IF followed by THEN

Question 49

Novation

Answer 49

Substituted person - agreement by both parties to an existing K for the substitution of a new party

Question 50

When can you excuse performance by reason of a later, unforseen event?

Answer 50

Can be excused due to impossibility (illegal), impractability or frustration of purpose (becomes illegal after contracting):

1) something happens after K formation but before completion
2) that was unforseen
3) that makes performance impossible or commercially impractble

Question 51

What is the VA rule on paying past consideration?

Answer 51

VA rejects modern trend which says a promise to pay for apreviously performed acts will be enforceable if the promisee performed at the request of the promisor

Question 52

What is the SoF requirement in VA?

Answer 52

writing doesn’t need to CONCLUSIVELY ESTABLISH existence of a contract as long as it provides a BASIS FOR BELIEVING it was a REAL TRANSACTION

Question 53

What is delegation? When are they permitted?

Whose Liable?

Answer 53

party to a contract transferring work under that contract to a 3rd party.

Permitted unless 1) contract prohibits delegations or assignments 2) contract calls for VERY SPECIAL skills or 3) person to perform contract has a VERY SPECIAL reputation

delegating part always remains liable….3P only liable if receives consdieration from delegating party

Question 54

What is assignment? What does it meant o prohibit assignment vs. invalidate assignment?

Answer 54

Transfer of rights under a contract in two seperate steps:
1) contract between only 2 parties and 2) one of the party’s later transfer of rights under that contract to a 3rd party

If a contract prohibits assignment, if 3P does not know about prohibition can still collect.
If assignment invalidated, assignments are void no matter what

Question 55

What is the pre-existing legal duty rule?

Answer 55

if a party to a contract is under a pre-existing duty to perform (legal or contractual), then no consideration is given for any modification of the contract and the modification is therefore voidable.

Question 56

When do the rights of a 3rd party beneficiary vest?

Answer 56

when 3rd party learns of contract and either 1) assents to it; 2) relies on it or 3) sues to enforce it

Question 57

A communication will not be considered to be definite and certain enough to be an offer if it is for the sale of goods and is missing________________:

Answer 57

a quantity term

Question 58

How can a vague term in a contract be cured?

Answer 58

By part performance

Question 59

What is a key distinction between an anticipatory repudiation and a prospective failure to perform?

Answer 59

Repudiation must be unequivocal, whereas prospective failure to perform involves mere doubts

Question 60

What is an element needed for a discharge of a contract due to frustration?

Answer 60

An unforeseen act or event has completely or almost completely destroyed the purpose of the contract

Question 61

An agreement to rescind is itself….

Answer 61

…..a binding contract supported by consideration

Question 62

When should the nonbreaching party treat an otherwise minor breach as a material breach?

Answer 62

When the breach is coupled with an anticipatory repudiation

NOT when breach causes the nonbreaching party damages

Question 63

For a breach of contract to provide services, specific performance is….

Answer 63

Never available as a remedy

Question 64

Either a nonbreaching buyer or a nonbreaching seller may recover ___________damages, but only a ___________may recover _________ damages

Answer 64

incidental; buyer; consequential

Question 65

What is the measure of recovery in a suit of restitution?

Answer 65

the value of the benefit conferred

Question 66

Which of the following types of evidence may be outside the scope of the parol evidence rule?

A Evidence of a condition precedent
B Evidence of a contemporaneous oral agreement
C Evidence of a prior oral agreement
D Evidence of a condition subsequent

Answer 66

A Evidence of a condition precedent

Question 67

Which type of warranty is included in EVERY sale of goods?

Answer 67

Warranty of Title: Any seller of goods warrants that the title transferred is good, that the transfer is rightful, and that there are no liens or encumbrances against the title of which the buyer is unaware at the time of contracting.

Question 68

Which of the following would not be considered valuable consideration that supports a contract?

A A benefit with no economic value.
B Peace of mind for the promisor.
C The gratification of influencing the mind of another.
D Fulfillment of a condition to receive a gift.

Answer 68

D Fulfillment of a condition to receive a gift.

This is not adequate consideration. The fulfillment of the condition must be of some benefit to the promisor to constitute proper consideration. The benefit to the promisor need not have economic value. Peace of mind or the gratification of influencing the mind of another may be sufficient to establish bargained-for consideration.

Question 69

Which of the following promises is commonly considered to be illusory?

A A promise with an unqualified right to cancel or withdraw at any time
B A promise conditioned on the promisor’s satisfaction
C A promise to purchase all that one requires
D A promise to sell all that one decides to make

Answer 69

A A promise with an unqualified right to cancel or withdraw at any time

Question 70

What element is not needed to show promissory estoppel?

A The reasonable expectation that the promise will induce action or forbearance
B Valuable consideration on both sides of the bargain
C Detrimental reliance
D An action or forbearance that is in fact induced by a promise

Answer 70

B Valuable consideration on both sides of the bargain

Promissory estoppel is considered a substitute for consideration. Thus, consideration is not necessary if the facts indicate that the promisor should be estopped from not performin

Question 71

Which of the following normally would not be an exception to the preexisting legal duty rule?

A A minor’s ratification of a contract upon reaching the age of majority.
B A compromise based on an honest dispute as to duty.
C Payment of a smaller sum to settle an existing debt.
D An acceleration of the performance of the duty.

Answer 71

C Payment of a smaller sum to settle an existing debt.

Question 72

A contract entered into between an infant and an adult is __________ by the infant but __________ on the adult

Answer 72

voidable; binding

Question 73

The rights of a third-party beneficiary vest when he:

Answer 73

1) MANIFEST ASSENT to the promise;
2) BRINGS SUIT to enforce the promise;
3) or MATERIALLY CHANGES POSITION in justifiable reliance on the promise

Question 74

An intended beneficiary must be ________ at the time _______________.

Answer 74

Identifiable at the time performance is due

Question 75

What is required for an assignment to be effective?

Answer 75

1) an ADEQUATE DESCRIPTION of the right being assigned; and

2) the assignment must be EXPRESSED IN PRESENT WORDS OF ASSIGNMENT.

Question 76

In Virginia, contracts to devise real property by will or to leave all of one’s property by will to another in exchange for services is within _______

Answer 76

the Statute of Frauds

Question 77

in VA, to whom do warranties extend for personal injuries caused by goods?

Answer 77

Standard: “Reasonably expect that P would use or be effected”
VA has completely abolished privity of contract as a defense to an action for personal injury based on a breach of warranty
- in place of the UCC alternatives regarding privity, the VA legislature has enacted a statute that provides that lack of privity shall be no defense in any action for breach of warranty against the manufacturer or seller of goods even though the plaintiff did not buy the goods from the defendant so long as it was reasonable to expect that the P would use, consumer or be affected by the goods

Privity still exists for purely economic loss

Question 78

How is the perfect tender rule different in VA?

Answer 78

Notice the buyer is not requires to notify the seller initially of all his objections but is required to notify the seller that the transaction was troublesome

Question 79

What is the fraudulent retention of possession rule in VA?

Answer 79

every sale of goods where possession is allowed to remain with the seller is void as against lien creditors and bona fide purchases without notice until the contract or bill of sale is admitted to record
- but where no real fraud is intended, a subsequent delivery of the goods to the buyer validates the sale as to subsequent creditors and purchasers

Question 80

In Virginia, if a seller breaches a warranty and the breach results in economic loss to another person,who is the seller liable to?

Answer 80

Any person in privity of contract with the seller, if such person suffers a loss as a result of the breach.

Question 81

To recover full damages when an employer breaches an employment contract, the employee must make a reasonable effort to find a new position of the (“same” or “any”?) kind in the (“same” or “any”?) locale

Answer 81

same; same

Question 82

When a party that offers a rare or unique service has breached a service contract, the court may grant __________ to the nonbreaching party.

Answer 82

Injunctive relief

Question 83

A court order requiring a breaching party to perform under the contract or face contempt of court charges is also known as:

Answer 83

Specific Performance

Question 84

If a plaintiff’s expectation damages will be too speculative to measure, the plaintiff may elect to recover __________ instead, to put the plaintiff in the position she would have been in had the contract never been formed.

Answer 84

reliance damages

Question 85

In the case of a sale of goods contract, if the standard measure of damages does not adequately compensate a seller for the buyer’s breach because the seller can manufacture or obtain as many goods as he can sell, he may recover damages based on ____________.

Answer 85

Lost Profits

Question 86

A court will grant an order of specific performance to enforce a contract not to compete if __________; and __________.

Answer 86

The services to be performed are unique; the covenant is reasonable

Question 87

The equitable defense of __________ arises when a party delays in bringing an equitable action and the delay prejudices the defendant.

Answer 87

laches

Question 88

The buyer’s damages are measured as of the time he __________, while the seller’s damages are measured as of the _________.

Answer 88

learns of the breach ;time for delivery

Question 89

Under U.C.C. Article 2, if a seller refuses to deliver goods under a contract, the buyer may replevy the goods if the goods ___________ to the contract and the buyer is _____________

Answer 89

have been identified; unable to cover

Question 90

Under Article 2, when a buyer refuses to accept goods or repudiates the contract, a seller ______ resell the goods, but ____________. Market damages are available if the seller does not resell.

Answer 90

May, not required to do so

Question 91

In a construction contract, if the property owner breaches the contract __________construction has started, the builder is entitled to the ______________ from the contract

Answer 91

before; profits he would have derived

Question 92

“Benefit of the bargain” damages are also known as:

Answer 92

Expectation Damages

Question 93

Reliance Damages do what to the P?

Answer 93

Put the plaintiff in the position she would have been in had the contract never been formed

Question 94

In the case of a breach of an employment contract by the employer, the measure of the employee’s damages is:

Answer 94

The full contract price regardless of when the breach occurs

Question 95

A court will grant an order of specific performance to enforce a covenant not to compete if _________________ and __________________

Answer 95

the services to be performed are unique; the covenant is reasonable

Question 96

In the case of a breach of an employment contract by the employee, the employer may recover:

Answer 96

The cost to replace the employee regardless of whether the breach was intentional

Question 97

A building that is the subject of a contract between its owner and a contractor is completely destroyed by an act of nature.
If the contractor was working on a renovation, the destruction _____________; if the contractor was constructing the building, the destruction ________________.

Answer 97

Discharges the contractor’s duties by impossibility; does not discharge the contractor’s duties

Question 98

When a party indicates that she is “waiving” a condition before it is to happen, and the person addressed detrimentally relies on the waiver, a court will hold this to be __________.

Answer 98

An estopel waiver

Question 99

Does the mailbox rule apply to option contracts?

Answer 99

NO. Acceptance by the offeror of an option contract must be received within the allotted time.

Question 100

When do K modifications require new consideration?

Answer 100

Under the UCC, no considertation required for modificiations. UCC allows for GOOD FAITH reasons

Under Common Law, condideration always required for contract mods.

Question 101

What is the oral exception to the SoF between merchants?

Answer 101

if an oral agreement is made between merchants, and one merchant confirms in writing, if the receiving party does not object within 10 days, contract is valid

Question 102

Under the perfect tender rule, what happend if the wrong products are shipped?

Answer 102

A contract is formed and immediately breached. Unless shipment is accompanied by a notice of accommodation, THAN the shipment is a counteroffer

Question 103

A promise to marry ___ a sufficient determent to constitute valid _________

Answer 103

is; consideration.

There is no public policy against encouraging marriage (the opposite would not be true)

Question 104

If a seller finds out a buyer is insovent after they have shipped the goods, under the UCC, what can the seller demand?

Answer 104

Immediate payment in cash

Question 105

A contractors bid is a binding option contract when__________

Answer 105

the contractor reasonably relied on it to submit their bid to the general contractor.

Question 106

Generally, the right to receive goods under a requirements contract is not assignable because the obligor’s duties could change significantly. However, the UCC permits the assignment of a requirements contract when______

Answer 106

the asignee ACTS IN GOOD FAITH not to alter the terms of the contract.

Question 107

When does SoF fail for specially manufactured goods?

Answer 107

if goods are “specially manufactured” and not suitable for resale of others, and the seller has made a “substantial beginning” of the manufacture or commitments for the ir procurement, SoF fails despite being an oral contract

Question 108

What is the exception to the Defense of “Untimely Delivery”

Answer 108

course of performance. If you had previously accepted one late payment, others are permissible

Question 109

What is the exception to the Defense of “indefinite terms of the agreement”

Answer 109

if the parties have intended to make a contract and there is a reasonably certain basis for giving an appropriate remedy

Question 110

What are sellers remedies under the UCC?

Answer 110

1) stop shipment when a buyer wrongfully rejects/revokes or fails to pay (allowed under UCC and VA)
2) Sue for the contract price + incidental damages if he isunable to resell them at a reasonable price (allowed under UCC and VA)
3) Sell the goods - must give notice to buyer and manner of sale must be commerciably reaosnable (allowed under UCC and VA)
4) sell the unfinished product (allowed under VA and UCC)

Question 111

Under U.C.C. Article 2, what standard is applied to allow the modification of a sales contract without additional consideration?

Answer 111

Good Faith

Question 112

What is the material benefit rule?

Answer 112

some courts will enforce a promise if it is based on a benefit that was previously conferred by the promisee on the promisor, if the promisee did not intend to confer the benefit as a gift. (majority)

Question 113

When the amount due is undisputed, payment of a ————————– will not be sufficient consideration for a promise by the creditor to discharge the debt. Neither a legal detriment nor a benefit would be present.

Answer 113

smaller sum than due

Question 114

A promise to perform a voidable obligation (i.e., ratification) is enforceable __________.

Answer 114

even without consideration

Question 115

An otherwise valid debt that is now barred by the statute of limitations can still be enforced if______.

Answer 115

The debtor makes a new promise to pay the debt in writing

Question 116

A promise to perform a voidable obligation is also known as __________.

Answer 116

ratification

Question 117

A promise that the promisor will choose one out of several means of performance, most of which involve a legal detriment to the promisor, is an example of what?

Answer 117

an illusory promise

Question 118

A completely integrated writing may not be contradicted or supplemented. A partially integrated writing cannot be contradicted, but

Answer 118

it may be supplemented by proving up consistent additional terms.

Question 119

When the parties to a contract express their agreement in a writing that is deemed an “integration” of their agreement, how will a court deal with evidence of other written or oral expressions relating to the bargain?

Answer 119

Inadmissible: expressions, written or oral, writing made prior to writing, and oral expressions made contemporaneously to writing

Question 120

Extrinsic evidence of a condition precedent to a fully integrated agreement is admissible, despite the parol evidence rule, because __________.

Answer 120

it does not effect the agreement

Question 121

If, in a sale of goods, the buyer will pick up the goods, when does the risk of loss pass to the buyer?

Answer 121

When the buyer takes physical possession of the goods if the seller is a merchant

Question 122

If the offeror is a merchant and the offeree is a nonmerchant, additional terms in an acceptance ______.

Answer 122

Become part of the contract if the offeror expressly agrees

Question 123

A warranty will be implied in a contract for the sale of goods whenever __________ has reason to know the particular purpose for which the goods are to be used and that the ___________ is relying on the seller’s skill and judgment to select suitable goods; and the buyer in fact relies on the seller’s skill and judgment.

Answer 123

Any Seller, buyer

Question 124

If the price is left open to be agreed upon later and the parties fail to agree,

Answer 124

the price is a reasonable price at the time of delivery`

Question 125

In general, if there is no evidence of the parties’ intention, contracts will be construed ___________, and ambiguities in the contract will be ____________.

Answer 125

As a whole; construed against the party drafting the contract

Question 126

The implied warranty of merchantability is ______________.

Answer 126

Implied in every contract for the sale of goods by a merchant who deals in goods of the kind sold

Question 127

What are the effect of a written contract that expressly provides that it may be modified only by a writing:

Answer 127

CL: parties can still orally modify the K

UCC if both parties non-merchants: provision is efective

UCC between merchant and non-merchant: provision requiring written modification must be signed separately by non-merchant to be effective

Question 128

For implied warranties, what are specific disclaimers vs. general?

Answer 128

general: “as is”, examination of the goods, course of dealing or trade usage

Specific: conspicuous writing, disclaimer mentioning merchantability

Question 129

If the offeror is a merchant and the offeree is a nonmerchant, additional terms in an acceptance ______.

Answer 129

Become part of the contract if the offeror expressly agrees

Question 130

Is a writing or consideration required for an assignment to be effective?

Answer 130

No to both.

But, a writing would be required for assignment of wages.

Question 131

When a party assigns “the contract” to a third party, it results in __________.

Answer 131

an assignment of rights and a delegation of duties to the third party

Question 132

What type of services cannot be assigned?

Answer 132

unique services

Question 133

The general rule is that when the assignor makes two assignments of the same right, if the first assignment is ____________, the ____________ assignee has priority.

Answer 133

Irrevocable; first

Question 134

An important difference between the rights of a donee beneficiary and a creditor beneficiary is that __________.

Answer 134

a creditor beneficiary can sue the promisee on the underlying obligation, but a donee beneficiary cannot

Question 135

When a delegate assumes the duty to perform, what is the most important consequence?

Answer 135

The obligee can compel performance or bring suit against the delegate for nonperformance

Question 136

Once an obligor delegates his duties under a contract to a delegate, the obligee, must look first to the ____________ for performance of the duties, but if he fails to perform, then may look to the ______ as a surety for the performance

Answer 136

delegate; delegator

Question 137

In a sale of goods, a good faith purchaser for value can be __________.

Answer 137

the holder of a security interest in the goods

Question 138

If an assignor takes payment or performance directly from the obligor, __________.

Answer 138

a gratuitous assignment is revoked, but an assignment for value is not

Question 139

If an assignee for value discovers that the assignor had previously assigned the same contract rights to another party for value, the assignee may _________.

Answer 139

sue the assignor for breach of warranty

Question 140

If a person leaves an item of jewelry with a jeweler for repair, and the jeweler sells the item to an unsuspecting purchaser, __________.

Answer 140

the purchaser has title to the item and the true owner cannot recover it

Question 141

When an obligor delegates his duties under a contract, the delegate __________.

Answer 141

cannot be compelled to perform by the obligee absent an assumption of duties

Question 142

What will revoke a gratuitous assignment?

Answer 142

death of assignor
bankruptcy of assignor
assignor taking performance directly from obligor

Question 143

The best test for determining whether someone is an intended third-party beneficiary is to ask:

Answer 143

To whom is performance to be given according to the language of the contract?

Question 144

If a third-party’s rights have vested, he must_______ to any changes in the contract

Answer 144

Consent

Question 145

what are the 7 contract defenses?

Answer 145

defenses for no K

1 Statute of Frauds (exceptions: part performance, admittance of contract, promissory estoppel, merchants confirmatory memo, specially manufactured goods)

2 Mistake or Misunderstanding (mutual=no K; unilateral is a D if other party knew, or should have known about mistake)

3 Incapacity to K (minor can K, but only minor can enforce k-can ratify after reaching age of majority)

4 Duress, Undue Influence
Fraud, Misrepresentaion
Illegality, violation of public policy

• defenses for discharge of K

5 Impracticability and Frustration of Performance

6 Anticipatory Repudiation (not mere expression of doubt, needs to offer clear expression of non-performance)

7 Accord and Satisfaction

Question 146

If unaticipated circumstances occur, a modification is enforceable without consideration when…..

Answer 146

it is fair and equitable in view of the unanticipated circumstances.

Question 147

If a gratuitous promise is made offering to confer a gift, orally as a contract mod, is it enforceable?

Answer 147

No, if there was no consideration

Question 148

Under the statute of frauds, what are considered essential terms for real estate?

Answer 148

Price and a reasonable description of the lanad

Question 149

is a response to a specific inquiry for an offer that says “my best price is $475/ounce” a price quotation or an offer?

Answer 149

It is an offer

Question 150

What is different about option contracts?

Answer 150

The mailbox rule doesn’t apply. If offer is rejected before the option expires, cannot than later be accepted

Question 151

In VA contracts to devise, an oral agreement will be enforceable despite the SOF if:

Answer 151

1. the agreement must be CERTAIN and DEFINITE in its terms
2. the acts done in PART PERFORMANCE must have been done PURSUANT to the agreement and
3. the contract must have been SO FAR EXECUTED that a refusal to enforce would operate a FRAUD upon the party rendering services

Question 152

IN VA, contracts to devise,

If found to be unenforcable, the party rendering services may seek a ___________remedy

Answer 152

restitution

Question 153

Define Express Warranty?

Answer 153

AFFIRMATION of FACT or PROMISE made by the seller to the buyer or any description of the goods creates an express warranty if it is PART OF BASIS OF THE BARGAIN.

Question 154

Is an increase in construction costs justifiable legally breach a contract?

Answer 154

Only if EXTREME and UNREASONABLE. a normal price increase does not. Otherwise, a right to refuse to walk off a job would be valid consideration for a contract mod

Question 155

General option contracts must be given consideration in order for the option to be non-revokable. If no consideration is given_____

Answer 155

The offerree can revoke at will

Question 156

For purposes of statute of frauds, who is the “party sought to be charged”?

Answer 156

The party who the charge is being forced against, (the non-moving party)

Question 157

Do 2 offers, identical in terms, made at the same time which cross in the post create a valide Contract?

Answer 157

NO. will not create a contract because neither offer counts as an informed acceptance of the other - NO MUTUAL ASSENT

Question 158

Define Offer?

Answer 158

A COMMUNICATION that creates a REASONABLE EXPECTATION in the OFFEREE that the OFFEROR is willing to enter into a contract.

Question 159

Define Acceptance?

At Common Law?

What about under Article 2?

Answer 159

a MANIFESTATION OF ASSENT to the TERMS OF THE OFFER

Mirror Image Rule

manifestation of assent can operate as an acceptance even if it includes terms in addition to or different from those included in the offer.

Question 160

Under Virginia U.C.C. what is the definition of Express Warranty?

Answer 160

An AFFIRMATION OF FACT, or a PROMISE, or a DESCRIPTION OF THE GOODS, that creates an express warranty

Question 161

To establish a claim for breach of an implied warranty of merchantability, the buyer must show:

Answer 161

1) that there was such a WARRANTY,
2) that it was BROKEN, and
3) that the breach was the PROXIMATE CAUSE of the
loss.

Question 162

.

To be merchantable, the goods must be such as to:

Answer 162

(1) PASS WITHOUT OBJECTION in the trade under the description that applies (small tractors).
(2) to be of FAIR AVERAGE QUALITY within the category of description that applies.
(3) be FIT FOR ORIDNARY USES to which such goods are put.
(4) be SIMILAR IN KIND or quality to others in a collection being purchased
(5) be PROPERLY LABELED or packaged
(6) CONFORM TO ANY PROMISES OF FACT made on any TAGS OR LABELS

Question 163

For breach of warranty cases, what is the buyers remedy for a product?

Answer 163

difference between the PURCHASE PRICE, and its PRESENT VALUE in the condition in which it now is

Question 164

When goods are shipped by carrier, payment is due only at_______________

When payment is made my check,
payment is not final until ____________

In cases where no express payment provision is made and the contract is one for shipment by carrier,
the seller may send the goods under reservation so the buyer is unable to obtain the goods
from the carrier until_________.

Answer 164

At the time and place where the buyer receives the goods.

until the check is honored

the buyer pays

Question 165

Define:
Course of Performance:

Course of Dealing:

Custom & Usage:

Answer 165

Course of Performance: same people, same contract

Course of Dealing: same people, difference but similar contract

Custom and Usage: different but similar people, different but similar contract

Question 166

When a contract does not specify a method of acceptance, acceptance may be made by ________________.

Answer 166

ANY REASONABLE MEANS

Question 167

The UCC provides that a holder who takes the instrument is a holder in due course if the following 3 requirements are met?

Answer 167

1) Pays for Value
2) Without Notice
3) In good faith

Question 168

What is a lost volume seller and how do you calculate damages?

Answer 168

a seller who can manufacture as many widgets as it can sell and has ample inventory on hand.

Lost profits (Difference between contract price and price to manufacture)

Question 169

CAn you be convicted of larceny if you take an item from someone who obtained the item illegally?

Answer 169

Yes, becausre larceny is a trespass against POSSESSION, and not OWNERSHIP

Question 170

the UCC requires all parties involved in a sale of goods act _________. Which is defined as___________. You breach a duty of __________ if you fail to adhere to this.

Answer 170

IN GOOD FAITH;

HONESTY in FACT and the OBSERVANCE of REASONABLE COMMERCIAL STANDARDS of FAIR DEALING

GOOD FAITH

Question 171

Define Statute of Frauds for essay purposes?

Answer 171

Under the SoF provision of Article 2 of the VA UCC, governing the sale of goods, a contract for the sale of goods for price of $500 or more is unenforceable unless there is a writing indicating that a contract has been made between the parties and signed by the parties against whom enforcement is sought.

Question 172

When can you revoke your acceptance of goods?

Answer 172

1) NONCONFORMITY SUBSTANTIALLY IMPAIRS the value of goods AND
2) EXCUSABLE IGNORANCE of grounds for revocation or reasonable reliance on seller’s assurance of satisfaction, and
3) revocation within a REASONABLE TIME after discovery of noncomformity (sleeping bag hypo

Question 173

Define the Specially Manufactured Goods exception to the Statute of Frauds:

Answer 173

1) the goods are to be SPECIALLY MANUFACTURED FOR THE BUYER
2) they are NOT SUITABLE FOR SALE TO OTHERS in the ordinary course of business AND
3) the seller has made either a SUBSTANTIAL BEGINING of their manufacture or commitments for thier procurement

Question 174

How does a seller protect its rights when it discovers a buyer may not be able to pay?

Answer 174

1) Must have REASONABLE GROUNDS FOR INSECURITY
if So, CAN DEMAND, IN WRITING, ADEQUATE ASSURANCES OF PERFORMANCE, may SUSPEND performance until assurance has been received.
If no satisfactory assurances received within 30 days the party failing to reassure will be deemed to have repudiated the contract.

Question 175

What is the difference between merchant’s firm offer and option contracts?

Answer 175

option contracts are supported by consideration and can be held open for more than 3 months

merchant firm offers require no consideration and can be open for up to 3 months

Question 176

What are the exceptions to Statute of Frauds?

Answer 176

SWAP
SPECIALLY made goods
WRITTEN CONFIRMATION by a MERCHANT
ADMISSION in court OR
PERFORMANCE

Question 177

IN Va, modifications of contracts for the sale of goods______require consideration. However,__________is required.

IF a party is a merchant, good faith includes_________________________

Answer 177

DO NOT.
GOOD FAITH

OBSERVANCE OF REASONABLE COMMERCIAL STANDARDS OF FAIR DEALING IN THE TRADE