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MCAT Behavioural Sciences > Social Thinking > Flashcards

Social Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

Interpersonal attraction

A

phenomenon of individuals liking each other

-affected by similarity, self-disclosure, proximity, reciprocity

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2
Q

Self disclosure

A

sharing thoughts, feelings, fears, goals etc.

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3
Q

Reciprocal liking

A

Phenomenon when people like others better when they believe that the person likes them back

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4
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

aka familiarity effect

-people prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently

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5
Q

Agression

A

defined as any behaviour that intends to cause harm or increase social dominance
-can be physical, verbal, or non verbal

Offers protection against perceived or real threats

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6
Q

Part of the brain responsible for associating stimuli and their rewards or punishments?

A

The amygdala

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7
Q

Reduced activity in the ____ is linked to increased aggressive behaviour

A

Prefrontal cortex

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8
Q

Cognitive neuroassociation model

A

We are more likely to respond to other aggressively when we are feeling negative emotions
-such as being tired, frustrated, in pain, or sick.

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9
Q

A secure parent is…?

A

Consistent, available, comforting, and responsive

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10
Q

Secure attachment

A
  • Child has a consistent caregiver
  • Child will be upset if caregiver leaves/comforted when they return
  • Can be comforted by others but prefers parent
  • Child is able to go out and explore
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11
Q

Avoidant attachment

A

Results when the caregiver has little or no response to the distressed child
•Children show no preference between strangers and their caregiver
•Shows no distress when the parent leaves or any relief when the caregiver returns

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12
Q

Ambivalent attachment

A

Occurs when the caregiver has an inconsistent response to the child’s distress
•Child is unable to form a secure base
•Child is very distressed when the caregiver leaves but has a mixed response upon their return
•Child is anxious about the reliability of the caregiver

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13
Q

Disorganized attachment

A

No clear pattern of response to the caregiver’s absence or presence

  • associated with erratic behaviour and social withdrawal of the parent
  • also reg flag for potential abuse
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14
Q

Emotional support

A

listening, affirming and empathizing with someone’s feelings

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15
Q

Esteem support

A

Affirming the qualities and skills of a person

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16
Q

Material/tangible support

A

Any type of financial or material contributions to another person

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17
Q

Informational support

A

Providing information that may help someone

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18
Q

Network support

A

Type of social support that gives a person a sense of belonging

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19
Q

Mate Bias

A

How choosey members of a species are while choosing a mate

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20
Q

Phenotypic benefits

A

Observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive to the opposite sex

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21
Q

Sensory bias

A

Development of a trait to match a pre-existing preference within the population

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22
Q

Fisherian/Runaway selection

A

The positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait that has no effect on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time
-ex: peacock feathers

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23
Q

Indicator traits

A

traits that signify overall good health and well being to a potential mate

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24
Q

Genetic compatibility

A

The creation of mate pairs that, when combined, have complementary genetics
-mechanism for the reduced frequency of recessive genetics disorders

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25
Q

Altruism

A

Form of helping behaviour that benefits the recipient at a cost to the donor

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26
Q

Cooperation

A

Where both the recipient and the donor benefit from the action

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27
Q

Spite

A

Both the donor and the recipient are negatively affected

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28
Q

Selfishness

A

The donor benefits while the recipient is negatively impacted

29
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

Measure of an organism’s success in the population

-based on # of successfully supported offspring & the ability of those offspring to then support others

30
Q

Social perception

A

aka. social cognition

Tools to make judgements about other people and situations

3 primary components: perceiver, target, and situation

31
Q

Perceiver

A

Influenced by experiences, motives, and emotional state

32
Q

Target

A

Person about which the perception is being made

33
Q

Impression Bias

A

Focuses on how our selection of cues helps us form interpretations of others that are consistent over time

34
Q

Primacy effect

A

First impressions are often more important than subsequent interactions/impressions

35
Q

Recency effect

A

The most recent information we have about someone is the most important in forming our impression

36
Q

Reliance on central traits

A

Individuals tend to organize the perception of others based on personal characteristics of the target that are most relevant to the perceiver

37
Q

Implicit personal theory

A

There are a set of assumptions people make about how different people are related to their traits/behaviours
-making assumptions based on the category they are in is called stereotyping

38
Q

Halo effect

A

Cognitive bias in which judgements about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected by one’s overall impression of the individual

  • why people tend to be inaccurate when evaluating people to be generally good or bad
  • attractiveness can also produce the halo effect
39
Q

Just-World hypothesis

A

Cognitive bias that assumes good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people

  • leads to victim blaming as there can be no innocent victims
  • consequences are a result of a universal force
40
Q

Self-serving bias

A

aka self-serving attributional bias

Individuals will view their own success based on internal factors while viewing failures based on external factors

  • used to protect our self-esteem
  • strangers engage in it more than close friends
41
Q

Self enhancement

A

Focuses on the need to maintain self worth and can be done through the internal attribution of successes and external attribution of errors

42
Q

Attribution theory

A

Focuses on the tendency for individuals to inter the causes of other people’s behaviour

43
Q

Dispositional (Internal) attributions

A

Those that relate to the person whose behaviour is being considered
-their attitudes, beliefs, personality

44
Q

Situational (external) attributions

A

Those that relate to the features of the surroundings

-threats, social norms, money, peer pressure

45
Q

Consistency cues

A

Consistent behaviour of a person over time

-the more they perform that behaviour, the more we associate that with their motives

46
Q

Distinctiveness cues

A

the extent to which a person engages in similar behaviours across a series of similar scenarios

47
Q

Consensus cues

A

Relate to the extent to which a person’s behaviour differs from others

48
Q

Correspondant inference theory

A

When are person unexpectedly performs an action that either helps or hurts us, we are more likely to explain the action with dispositional attribution

49
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

We are generally biased towards making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions
-its the person rather than the situation

50
Q

Attribute substitution

A

Occurs when individuals must make complex judgements but instead they apply a heuristic or a simpler solution
-common when dealing with size and colour in optical illusions

51
Q

Cultural attribution

A

Culture is another important factor in attribution

Individualist cultures put a high value on personal goals an independence
-more likely to attribute behaviour to disposition

Collectivist cultures place high value on conformity and interdependence
-more likely to attribute behaviour to situation

52
Q

Stereotypes

A

Viewed as cognitive

Occur when attitudes and impressions are based on limited and superficial information about a person or group of individuals

53
Q

Stereotype content model

A

Attempts to classify stereotypes with respect to their hypothetical group using two dimensions
-warmth (not in competition with the attributer) and competence (groups with high status)

54
Q

Paternalistic stereotypes

A

Those in which the group is looked down upon as inferior, dismissed, or ignored

High: warmth
Low: competence

Ex: disabled and elderly people

55
Q

Contemptuous stereotypes

A

Those in which the group is viewed with resentment, annoyance, and anger

Low: warmth & competence

ex:Homeless and poor people

56
Q

Envious stereotypes

A

Those in which the group is viewed with jealousy, bitterness, or distrust

Low: warmth
High: competence

ex: asians, jews, feminists, rich people

57
Q

Admiration stereotypes

A

Those in which the group is viewed with pride and other positive feelings

High: warmth and competence

ex: other people in the group and close allies

58
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

Stereotypes can lead to expectations of certain groups of individuals, which creates condition that lead to the confirmation of these expectations

59
Q

Stereotype threat

A

Concept of people being concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype about their social group

  • can reduce performance
  • vulnerability to this depends on how highly the person identifies with the stereotyped group
60
Q

Prejudice

A

Irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing prior to any actual experience with that entity

61
Q

Propaganda

A

way in which large organizations and political groups attempt to create prejudices in others

62
Q

Power

A

ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite any obstacles AND their ability to control resources

63
Q

Prestige

A

Level of respect shown to a person by others

64
Q

Class

A

Refers to socioeconomic status

-unequal distribution of power, money, prestige, and resources can lead to have and have-not groups

65
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Practice of making judgements about other’s cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture

66
Q

In-group

A

Defined as a social group in which a person experiences a sense of belonging or identifies as a member

67
Q

Out-group

A

A social group with which an individual does not identify

68
Q

Cultural relativism

A

Perception of another culture as different from one’s own but with the recognition that the cultural values, mores etc. fit within that culture
-certain values etc. are not superior, just different between cultures

69
Q

Discrimination

A

Occurs with prejudice attitudes result in individuals to act in a certain way and for members of a certain group to be treated differently from others

MCAT Behavioural Sciences (12 decks)

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