lecture 7

Question 1

Tumor

Answer 1

Abnormal new groth of tissue that posseses no physiological function and arises from uncontrolled, usually rapid, cellular proliferation

Question 2

Cancer

Answer 2

A tumour that is invasive and can spread throughout the body (metastasise)

Question 3

Sarcoma

Answer 3

Cancers of CT

Question 4

Carcinoma

Answer 4

Cancers of epithellial

Question 5

Cellular proliferation

Answer 5

Increase in cell number by division

Question 6

Apoptosis

Answer 6

process of programmed Cell death

Question 7

Epithelilal mesenchymal transition

Answer 7

Cellular mechanism iin which station epitheliall cells undergo a transition into migratory mesenchymal cells

Question 8

cellular senescence

Answer 8

Cell whch is still alive but not acitvely prolferating, in a state of arrest which is irreversible

Question 9

Malignant transformation

Answer 9

Changes that a normal cell undergoes as it becomes a cancerous cell

Question 10

Tumorigenesis

Answer 10

Growth/formation of tumours

Question 11

Metastasis

Answer 11

Spread of cancer cells from one site in the body to another site

Question 12

Loss of Hetero

Answer 12

At a locus heterozygous for a mutant allele and a normal allele, LOH is a deletion or other even creating loss of function of the normal allele

Question 13

Li Fraumeni syndrome

Answer 13

Complex cancer predisposition syndrome where the molecular basis is a loss of function germline mutation in the p53 gene

Question 14

Leukaemia

Answer 14

Cancer of blood cells

Question 15

Lymphomas

Answer 15

Cancer of the lymphatic system

Question 16

what are some of the drivers of cancer?

Answer 16

Mutation, chromosomal abormality and infection

Question 17

difference between benign and malignant tumors?

Answer 17

Benign, stop growing, do not spread to other parts of the body and do not create new tumours
Malignant invade healthy tissues and interfere with the body functions

Question 18

what are the key events of tumorigenesis?

Answer 18

Resisting cell death
Sustaining proliferative signalng
evading growth supressors
Enabling replicative immortality

Question 19

key events of metastasis?

Answer 19

Inducing agiogenesis

Activating invasion and metastasis

Question 20

How does metastatsis occur

Answer 20

Cells grow as benign tumour in epithelium but then the cells become invasive and enter capillary. These cells then travel through the bloodstream and adhere to blood vessels in a different area and beging to colonise the area.

Question 21

what are the 2 pathways to a tumour in terms of cell division and apoptosis?

Answer 21

Increased cell division and normal apoptosis

Normal cell division and decreased apoptosis

Question 22

Oncogene is what

Answer 22

A gene that when mutated or expressed at high levels, helps turn a normal cell into a tumour cell - transformation

Question 23

What is the normal version of an oncogene called?

Answer 23

Proto oncogene

Question 24

Proto oncogenes are involved in processes that promote what? what are some well known examples of this gene

Answer 24

That promote cell proliferation and invasive behaviour

Ras and Myc are examples

Question 25

Tumour supressor gene is what?

Answer 25

Gene whose function is to limit cell proliferation or promote cell death and loss of function leads to cell transformation and tumour growth

Question 26

What are anti-oncogenes and what are some examples?

Answer 26

Tumour supressor genes

include p53 and pRB and PTEN

Question 27

How many oncogenes need to be activated to cause cancer vs how many TSG to cause cancer

Answer 27

activation of one oncogene to cause cancer

lose both copies of TSG to caause cancer

Question 28

What are the 4 possible ways in which protooncogenes can be activated?

Answer 28

Deletion or point mutation in coding sequence
regulatory mutation
gene amplifcation
chromosome rearrangement

Question 29

Describe and explain briefly the 4 ways in which proto oncogenes can be activated

Answer 29

1) Point mutation meaning that the rna will also have the mutated sequence which means hyperactive protein made in normal amounts
2) regulatory mutation meaning that normal protein is greattly overproduced
3) Gene amplification where normal protein is also greatly overproduced
4) Chromosome rearrangement where a) nearby regulatory DNA sequence causes normal protein to be overproduced
b) fusion to actively transcribed gene produces hyperactive fusion protein

Question 30

What is burkitts lymphoma and what is it an example of?

Answer 30

Poroto oncogenic translocation to a region of high transcriptional activity (so 4a). An aggressive cancer of the lymphatic system