5.2.1 Sponges

Question 1

• entirely aquatic, mostly marine animals
• sedentary animals that have no body symmetry and lack tissues, organs, or organ systems
• consist of just four primary cell types arranged around a system of pores and canals.
• feed by ____—their collar cells create water currents that pull in organic particles.
• have an inner meshwork of ______, that serves as an internal skeleton

Answer 1

Sponges
filtration
microscopic spicules or collagen fibers

Question 2

What phylum does sponges belong??

Answer 2

Porifera

Question 3

What are the three body types of sponges??

Answer 3

Ascon
sycon
leucon

Question 4

• no folding to its body wall and is simply a hollow tube just a few cells thick with a prominent osculum at the top.
• generally quite small

Answer 4

Ascon

Question 5

• simple infolding to their body walls

- larger due to increased surface-to-volume ratio

Answer 5

Sycon

Question 6

• body folds that are themselves folded, resulting in a series of chambers connected by canals.
• most prominent/majority

Answer 6

Leucon

Question 7

_____is crucial to understanding the anatomy of sponges and the reasons for their cellular organization.

more folds=more efficient in extracting oxygen

Answer 7

Water flow

Question 8

Complete the process of water flow:

____->incurrent canals->_____->radial canal->choanocytes->Amoebocytes->____-> spongocoel->osculum

Answer 8

Ostia; porocytes; apopyle

Question 9

• is a sycon sponge, with an intermediate body type and simple folding of its body walls

Answer 9

Grantia or Scypha

Question 10

• pores where water enters

Answer 10

Ostia (ostium)

Question 11

• tiny pores are actually openings; elongated, doughnut shaped cells

Answer 11

Porocytes

Question 12

______–>incurrent canals

Porocytes–>____

Answer 12

Ostia

radial canals

Question 13

-Specialized cells from choanoflagellates; trap small food particles with their flagella and engulf them through phagocytosis but do not digest them

Answer 13

Choanocytes

Question 14

-are mobile cells that reside in the gelatinous matrix between the choanocytes and the pinacocytes, the cells making up the outer layer oft he sponge; carry food to

other cells within the sponge body; undergo developmental changes to transform into any other cell type that may be required for the sponge to function properly.

Answer 14

Amoebocytes

Question 15

Reproduction:

have strong powers of _____
reproduce sexually by ____/_____

Answer 15

regeneration

fragmentation or budding

Question 16

• another form of asexual reproduction

Answer 16

Formation of Gemmule

Question 17

• a densely matted, hardened ball containing amoebocytes surrounded by a coating of collagen and spicules

Answer 17

Gemmule

Question 18

-are the skeletal elements of sponges and are secreted by sclerocytes this skeleton is composed of hard, crystalline

Answer 18

Spicules (and spongin)

Question 19

• more flexible proteinaceous material

Answer 19

Spongin

Question 20

• properties of sponges that illustrates the loose physiological connections between their cells

Answer 20

Reaggregation

Question 21

• thin protoplasmic extensions

Answer 21

filopodia

Question 22

Give the three classes of Phylum porifera

Answer 22

Calcarea
Hexactinellida
Demospongiae

Question 23

Marine sponges that possess small, needle shaped, calcium carbonate spicules with three or
four rays; may have ascon, sycon, or leucon body type

Answer 23

Calcarea

Question 24

Marine sponges with six rayed spicules composed ofsilica; either sycon or leucon body type

Answer 24

Hexactinellida

Question 25

Often brilliantly colored, mostly marine sponges with skeletons composed ofspongin (a flexible,
structural protein), spicules, or both; leucon body type; some freshwater species inhabit
streams, ponds, and lakes

Answer 25

Demospongiae

Question 26

Calcarea: Scypha, _____
Hexactinellida: ______ (Venus flower basket)
________: Spongilla, bath sponges, commercial sponges

Answer 26

Leucosolenia
Euplectella
Demospongiae