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ICB - Immunology > Immunology 3 > Flashcards

Immunology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is another word for an immunoglobulin?

A

Antibody

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2
Q

How many heavy chains exist in an immunoglobulin?

A

2

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3
Q

How many domains are in a heavy chain of an immunoglobulin?

A

4, 3 constant and one variable

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4
Q

How many domains are in a light chain?

A

2, 1 constant and 1 variable

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5
Q

What are the two types of light chain?

A

lambda and kappa

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6
Q

Roughly how many aa in light chain?

A

215

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7
Q

Roughly how many aa in heavy chain?

A

450

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8
Q

Roughly how many aa in each domain?

A

105/110

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9
Q

How many disulphide bonds between heavy chains?

A

Variable! xxx

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10
Q

Constant heavy genes are encoded by how many classes of gene?

A

5 –> alpha, Mu, gamma, delta, epsilon

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11
Q

What are the different type of immunoglobin based on their heavy?

A 
IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgD
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12
Q

In what way are immunoglobulin ‘bi-functional’?

A
  • Vl and Vh regions recognise antigens

- The rest of molecule determines the biological activity, e.g. what cell it binds

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13
Q

Can immunoglobulin activate complement?

A

Yes

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14
Q

If you digest an immunoglobulin with papain what do you get?

A

Fab (fragment antigen binding) fragments

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15
Q

How many hypervariable regions do Vl and Vh contain?

A

3 CDR regions

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16
Q

On each arm of immunoglobulin how many CDRs are there?

A

6

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17
Q

Roughly how many amino acids long is each CDR?

A

5-10

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18
Q

Are CDRs in native immunoglobulins spatially or linearly very close?

A

Spatial, they are not close in the denatured polypeptide

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19
Q

How many aa does the average the immunoglobulin ‘groove’ accommodate?

A

10 at most

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20
Q

What is an epitope?

A

The region of the antigen recognised and bound by the antibody.

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21
Q

Are epitopes

a) linear
b) discontinuous
c) either

A

epitopes can be either, primarily however they are discontinuous

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22
Q

What is a multivalent antigen?

A

Antigen contains different epitopes

23
Q

Multivalent antigen with the same epitope are rare in protein antigens but common in WHAT?

A

Glycan antigens. One antibody type will bind multiple times.

24
Q

All epitopes and antibodies bind with the same affinity. True or False.

A

False

25
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Antibodies that are all the same amino acids.

26
Q

What are polyclonal antibodies?

A

Antibodies made against an antigen that are a sum of different antibodies against lots of different epitopes.

27
Q

Are antibody/epitope interactions

a) covalent
b) non-covalent

A

non-covalent. High affinity is therefore achieved by precise shape complimentary for close interaction.

28
Q

Why do people try to get monoclonal antibodies?

A

they are very specific and so can be used in theraputics

29
Q

Why do you humanisie mouse antibodies?

A

In humans they will be recognised as foreign unless humanised. This step is not require these das as you engineer what you want.

30
Q

How many types of IgG are there?

A

4, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4

IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3

31
Q

C1q binding to antibodies trigger what?

A

complement cascade

32
Q

Which antibodies has good specificity for C1q?

A

IgG3

33
Q

Which antibodies can fix complement?

A

IgM, IgG3

34
Q

Which antibody is pentameric?

A

IgM

35
Q

How many constant heavy chain domains does IgM have?

A

4

36
Q

What is J chain?

A

A small protein required for polymerisation of IgM and IgA

37
Q

What are two configuration that a IgM pentamer can exist in?

A

Star configuration

or staple configuration where you get flexibility between c2 and c3 so all binding sites are on one surface

38
Q

What is the first antibody to be made after a pathogen is met?

A

IgM

39
Q

What is the second antibody to be made after a pathogen is met?

A

IgD

40
Q

Which immunoglobulin exists as a dimer with a J chain and a secretory component?

A

IgA

41
Q

What is the major antibody in the gut?

A

IgA

42
Q

What is the function of the secretory component in the IgA dimer?

A

Protects the immunoglobulin and makes it more stable. It is also part of the receptor used for translocating it from the inside to outside.

43
Q

What receptor does IgA bind to initiate transcytosis from basolateral membrane to apical membrane of epithelial cell.

A

poly-immunoglobulin receptor.

This receptor gets cleaved and a part of it remains bound to the IgA in the lumen

44
Q

What are subclasses IgA?

A

IgA1, IgA2

45
Q

Which immunoglobulin is involved in allegoric reactions?

A

IgE

46
Q

What is the receptor for IgE on mast cells called?

A

FCepsilon

47
Q

What does antibody crosslinking on mast cells cause?

A

Signal reduction and the mast cell, which is full of granules, to release mediators such as histamine and other substances that mediate allergic reactions.

48
Q

What is the general term for receptors that bind immunoglobulins?

A

Fc receptors

49
Q

FCgamma receptor 1 binds WHAT?

A

IgG1 and IgG3

50
Q

What do Fc receptors on phagocytes trigger?

A

phagocytosis (up take and destruction of antigen coated pathogens)

51
Q

There are some activating an inhibitory Fc receptors. What domain do the inhibitory receptors contain?

A

ITIM (immunoreceptor tyrosine based inhibitory motif) domain on the cytoplasmic side

52
Q

Fc receptors are often

a) homodimer
b) heterodimer

A

heterodimer.

alpha and gamma chains for example

53
Q

What is the net affinity of a polyclonal antibody defined by?

A

The sum of all the antibody’s affinity for the different epitopes

ICB - Immunology (8 decks)

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