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Semester 2 Science > Ch.4 Systems - Living Connections > Flashcards

Ch.4 Systems - Living Connections Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Molecule(s)

A

Two or more atoms joined (bonded) together, forming a small particle

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2
Q

Organelle(s)

A

A small structure within a cell with a special function

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3
Q

Cell(s)

A

Cells are the smallest units of life. Cells are the building blocks of living things. There are many different sized and shaped cells in animals and plants, as well as single-celled organisms.

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4
Q

Tissue(s)

A

The groups of cells that have/do the same function

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5
Q

System(s)

A

A Group of organs that are working together

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6
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

The chemical reaction involving oxygen that moves the energy in glucose into the compound ATP. The body is able to use the energy contained in ATP.

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7
Q

Respiratory System

A

The body system involving the lungs and associated structures, which take in air and supply the blood with oxygen to deliver to the body’s cells so they can carry out their essential functions; it also performs gas exchange to remove the waste gas carbon dioxide

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8
Q

Circulatory System

A

The body’s system that circulates oxygen in blood to all the cells of the body. The circulatory system consists of the heart, the blood vessels and blood.

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9
Q

Blood Cells

A

The red liquid that circulates around the body. Blood is made up of plasma, blood cells and platelets

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10
Q

Blood Vessels

A

The veins, arteries and capillaries through which the blood flows around the body

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11
Q

Heart

A

A organ that pumps blood throughout the circulatory system in the body so that oxygen and nutrients can be transported to the body’s cells and other wastes can be transported away or out of the body.

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12
Q

Arteries

A

The hollow tubes with thick walls that carry blood pumped from the heart to other body parts

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13
Q

Veins

A

The blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. Veins have valves and thinner walls than arteries.

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14
Q

Digestive System

A

A complex series of organs and glands that processes food to supply the body with the nutrients it needs to function effectively

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15
Q

Excretory System

A

The body system that removes waste substances from the body

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16
Q

Musculoskeletal System

A

The Musculoskeletal system consists of the skeletal system (bones and joints) and the skeletal muscle system (voluntary or striated muscle). Working together, these two systems protect the internal organs, maintain posture, produce blood cells, store minerals and enable the body to move.

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17
Q

Reproductive Systems

A

The body’s system involving the reproductive organs, which differ between males and females

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18
Q

Nervous System

A

The system of nerves and nerve centres in an animal and humans in which messages are sent

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19
Q

Endocrine System

A

The body system of glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate processes in various organs

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20
Q

Skeletal System

A

It consists of the bones and joints

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21
Q

Skeletal Muscle System

A

A voluntary or striated muscle

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22
Q

Skeleton

A

The bones or shell of an animal that support and protect it as well as allowing movement

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23
Q

Bones

A

The pieces of hard tissue that make up the skeleton of a vertebrate

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24
Q

Bone Marrow

A

A substance inside bones in which blood cells are made

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25
Q

Cartilage

A

A waxy, whitish, flexible substance that lines or connects bone joints or, in some animals such as sharks, replaces bone as the supporting skeletal tissue. The ears and tips of noses of people are shaped by cartilage.

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26
Q

Calcium

A

An element occurring in limestone, chalk, also present in vertebrates and other animals as a component of bone, shell etc. It is necessary for nerve conduction, heartbeat, muscle contraction and many other physiological functions.

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27
Q

Phosphorus

A

A substance that plays an important role in almost every chemical reaction in the body. Together with calcium, it is required by the body to maintain healthy bones and teeth.

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28
Q

Minerals

A

Any of the inorganic elements that are essential to the functioning of the human body and are obtained from foods

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29
Q

Ossification

A

The hardening of the bones

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30
Q

Brittle

A

Something that breaks easily into many pieces

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31
Q

Joint

A

The region of meeting of 2 bones

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32
Q

Ligaments

A

A band of tough tissue that connects the ends of bones or keeps an organ in place

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33
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

The liquid inside the cavity surrounding a joint that helps bones to slide freely over each other

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34
Q

Pivot Joint

A

A Joint that allows a twisting movement

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35
Q

Hinge Joints

A

The joints in which two bones are connected so that movement occurs in one plane only

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36
Q

Ball and Socket Joints

A

The joints where the rounded end of one bone fits into the hollow end of another

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37
Q

Immoveable Joints

A

The joints that allow no movement except when absorbing a hard blow

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38
Q

Muscles

A

The tissue consisting of cells that can shorten

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39
Q

Involuntary Muscles

A

Muscles not under the control of the will; they contract slowly and rhythmically. These muscles are at work in the heart, intestines and lungs.

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40
Q

Voluntary Muscles

A

Muscles attached to bones; it moves the bones by contracting and is controlled by an animal’s thoughts

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41
Q

Tendons

A

The tough rope-like tissue connecting a muscle to a bone

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42
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

A break that is not completely through the bone, often seen in children

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43
Q

Fracture

A

A break in the bone

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44
Q

Stem Cells

A

The undeveloped cells found in blood and bone marrow

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45
Q

Osteoporosis

A

The loss of bone mass that causes bones to become lighter, more fragile and easily broken

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46
Q

Sprain

A

An injury caused by the tearing ligament

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47
Q

Arthritis

A

A condition in which inflammation of the joints causes them to swell and become painful

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48
Q

Tennis Elbow

A

An injury due to strain or overuse that causes the elbow’s lining to become inflamed and painful

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49
Q

Torn Hamstring

A

A common sporting injury caused by overstretching the hamstring muscle, which joins the pelvis to the knee joint

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50
Q

Capillaries

A

It is minute tubes carrying blood to body cells. Every cell in the body is supplied with blood through the capillaries

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51
Q

Blood

A

Thered liquid that circulates around the body. It is made up of plasma, blood cells and platelets.

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52
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red Blood Cells

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53
Q

Leucocytes

A

White Blood Cells

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54
Q

Plasma

A

The yellowish, liquid part of blood that contains water, minerals, food and wastes from cells

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55
Q

Haemoglobin

A

The red pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen

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56
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

haemoglobin with oxygen molecules attached

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57
Q

White Blood Cells

A

The living cells that fight bacteria and viruses as part of the human body’s immune system

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58
Q

Platelets

A

The small bodies involved in blood clotting. They are responsible for healing by clumping together around a wound.

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59
Q

Oxygenated Blood

A

A gas in the air (and water) that animals need to breathe in; made up of particles with two oxygen atoms. Plants produce oxygen as part of photosynthesis.

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60
Q

Deoxygenated Blood

A

It describes blood from which some oxygen has been removed

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61
Q

Vena Cava

A

The large vein leading into the top right chamber of the heart

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62
Q

Left Atrium

A

The upper left section of the heart where oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the heart

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63
Q

Right Atrium

A

The upper right section of the heart where oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the heart

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64
Q

Left Ventricle

A

The lower left section of the heart, which pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of the body

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65
Q

Right Ventricle

A

The lower right section of the heart, which pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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66
Q

Valves

A

A flap-like folds in the lining of a blood vessel or other hollow organ that allow a liquid, such as blood, to flow in one direction only

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67
Q

Lub Dub

A

The sound made by the heart valves as they close

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68
Q

Blood Pressure

A

It measures how strongly the blood is pumped through the body’s main arteries

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69
Q

Systolic Pressure

A

The higher blood pressure reading during contraction of the heart muscles

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70
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A

The lower blood pressure reading during relaxation of the heart muscles

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71
Q

Heartbeat

A

The contraction of the heart muscle occurring about 60–100 times per minute

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72
Q

Pulse

A

The alternating contraction and expansion of arteries due to the pumping of blood by the heart

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73
Q

Pacemaker

A

The electronic device inserted in the chest to keep the heart beating regularly at the correct rate. It works by stimulating the heart with tiny electrical impulses.

74
Q

Blood

A

Thered liquid that circulates around the body. It is made up of plasma, blood cells and platelets.

75
Q

Oxygen

A

A gas in the air (and water) that animals need to breathe in; made up of particles with two oxygen atoms. Plants produce oxygen as part of photosynthesis.

76
Q

Glucose

A

A simple sugar which is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates.

77
Q

Carbon Dioxide

A

A gas in the air produced by respiration and used by plants as part of photosynthesis. The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide.

78
Q

Epiglottis

A

A leaf-like flap of cartilage behind the tongue that closes the air passage during swallowing

79
Q

Trachea

A

A narrow tube from the mouth of the lungs through which air moves

80
Q

Lungs

A

The organ for breathing air. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs.

81
Q

Bronchioles

A

The narrow tubes through which air passes from the trachea to the smaller bronchioles and alveoli in the respiratory system. Singular = bronchus.

82
Q

Alveoli

A

The tiny air sacs in the lungs at the ends of the narrowest tubes. Oxygen moves from alveoli into the surrounding blood vessels, in exchange for carbon dioxide.

83
Q

Pulmonary Vein

A

The essel through which oxygenated blood travels from your lungs to the heart

84
Q

Aorta

A

A large artery through which oxygenated blood is pumped at high pressure from the left ventricle of the heart to the body

85
Q

Arterioles

A

The vessels that transport oxygenated blood from the arteries to the capillaries

86
Q

Venues

A

Small Veins

87
Q

Pulmonary Artery

A

The vessel through which deoxygenated blood, carrying wastes from respiration, travels from the heart to the lungs

88
Q

Diaphragm

A

The flexible, dome-shaped, muscular layer separating the chest and the abdomen. It is involved in breathing.

89
Q

Vital Capacity

A

The largest volume of air that can be breathed in or out at one time

90
Q

Breathing

A

The movement of muscles in the chest causing air to enter the lungs and the altered air in the lungs to leave. The air entering the lungs contains more oxygen and less carbon dioxide than the air leaving the lungs.

91
Q

Asthma

A

The narrowing of the air pipes that join the mouth and nose to the lungs

92
Q

Carcinogens

A

The chemicals that cause cancer

93
Q

Emphysema

A

The condition in which the air sacs in the lungs break open and join together, reducing the amount of oxygen taken in and carbon dioxide removed

94
Q

Excretion

A

The removal of wastes from the body

95
Q

Kidneys

A

The body organs that filter the blood, removing urea and other wastes

96
Q

Nephrons

A

The filtration and excretory units of the kidney

97
Q

Ureters

A

The tubes from each kidney that carry urine to the bladder

98
Q

Bladder

A

The sac that stores urine

99
Q

Urine

A

The yellowish liquid, produced in the kidneys. It is mostly water and contains waste products from the blood such as urea, ammonia and uric acid.

100
Q

Urination

A

The passing of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

101
Q

Urethra

A

The tube through which urine is emptied from the bladder to the outside of the body

102
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

A

A cup-like structure at one end of a nephron within the kidney, surrounding the glomerulus. It serves as a filter to remove wastes and excess water.

103
Q

Glomerulus

A

A cluster of capillaries in the kidney that acts as a filter to remove wastes and excess water

104
Q

Haemodialysis

A

The process of passing blood through a machine to remove wastes

105
Q

Digestion

A

The breakdown of food into a form that can be used by an animal. It includes both mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.

106
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A

The type of digestion that uses physical factors such as chewing with the teeth

107
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

The chemical reactions changing food into simpler substances that are absorbed into the bloodstream for use in other parts of the body

108
Q

Alimentary Canal

A

The passage from the mouth to the anus. Digestion of food occurs as it moves through the canal

109
Q

Enzymes

A

The special chemicals that speed up reactions but are themselves not used up in the reaction

110
Q

Saliva

A

A watery substance in the mouth that moistens food before swallowing

111
Q

Salivary Glands

A

The glands in the mouth that produce saliva

112
Q

Oesophagus

A

The part of the digestive system composed of a tube connecting the mouth with the stomach

113
Q

Peristalsis

A

The process of pushing food along the oesophagus or small intestine by the action of muscles

114
Q

Stomach

A

A large muscular organ that churns and mixes food with gastric juice to start to break down protein

115
Q

Small Intestine

A

The part of the digestive system between the stomach and large intestine, where much of the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients takes place

116
Q

Absorption

A

The taking in of a substance, for example from the intestine to the surrounding capillaries

117
Q

Villi

A

A finger-like projection of the lining of the small intestine.

118
Q

Nutrient

A

The substances that provide energy and chemicals that living things need to stay alive, grow and reproduce

119
Q

Gall Bladder

A

A small organ that stores and concentrates bile within the body

120
Q

Lipases

A

The enzymes that break fats and oils down into fatty acids and glycerol

121
Q

Amylases

A

An enzyme in saliva that breaks starch down into sugar

122
Q

Proteases

A

The enzymes that break proteins down into amino acids

123
Q

Pancreas

A

A large gland in the body that produces and secretes the hormone insulin and an important digestive fluid containing enzymes

124
Q

Colon

A

The part of the large intestine where a food mass passes from the small intestine, and where water and other remaining essential nutrients are absorbed into the body

125
Q

Large Intestine

A

The penultimate part of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from the waste before it is transported out of the body

126
Q

Vitamin D

A

A nutrient that regulates the concentration of calcium and phosphate in the bloodstream and promotes the healthy growth and remodelling of bone

127
Q

Cellulose

A

A natural substance that keeps the cell wall of plants rigid

128
Q

Rectum

A

The final section of the digestive system, where waste food matter is stored as faeces before being excreted through the anus

129
Q

Anus

A

The final part of the digestive system, through which faeces are passed as waste

130
Q

Emulsify

A

Combine 2 liquids that do not normally mix easily

131
Q

Denatured

A

It describes the condition of proteins after they have been overheated

132
Q

Substrate

A

A substance acted upon by an enzyme

133
Q

Product

A

A new chemical substance that results from a chemical reaction

134
Q

Burping

A

The release of swallowed gas through the mouth

135
Q

Heartburn

A

The burning sensation caused by stomach acid rising into the oesophagus

136
Q

Flatulence

A

The release of gas through the anus. This gas is produced by bacteria in the large intestine.

137
Q

Diarrhoea

A

The excessive discharge of watery faeces

138
Q

Vomiting

A

Ejecting matter from the stomach through the mouth.

139
Q

Herbivore

A

Animals that only eat plants

140
Q

Carnivore

A

Animals that eats other animals (meat)

141
Q

Omnivore

A

Animals that eats plants and other animals (Humans)

142
Q

Proteins

A

The chemical made up of amino acids needed for growth and repair of cells in living things

143
Q

Ammonia

A

A nitrogenous waste product of protein break down

144
Q

Nitrogenous Wastes

A

The waste products from protein break down, including ammonia, urea and uric acid

145
Q

Urea

A

A nitrogen-containing substance produced by the breakdown of proteins and removed from the blood by the kidneys

146
Q

Urid Acid

A

A nitrogenous waste product of protein break down

147
Q

Endoskeleton

A

The skeleton that lies inside the body such as humans

148
Q

Exoskeleton

A

The skeleton that lies on the outside of the body

149
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

A Special kind of muscle in the heart that never tires. It is involved in pumping blood through the heart.

150
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red Blood Cells

151
Q

Leucocytes

A

White Blood Cells

152
Q

Plasma

A

The yellowish, liquid part of blood that contains water, minerals, food and wastes from cells

153
Q

Haemoglobin

A

The red pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen

154
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

haemoglobin with oxygen molecules attached

155
Q

White Blood Cells

A

The living cells that fight bacteria and viruses as part of the human body’s immune system

156
Q

Platelets

A

The small bodies involved in blood clotting. They are responsible for healing by clumping together around a wound.

157
Q

Oxygenated Blood

A

A gas in the air (and water) that animals need to breathe in; made up of particles with two oxygen atoms. Plants produce oxygen as part of photosynthesis.

158
Q

Deoxygenated Blood

A

It describes blood from which some oxygen has been removed

159
Q

Vena Cava

A

The large vein leading into the top right chamber of the heart

160
Q

Left Atrium

A

The upper left section of the heart where oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the heart

161
Q

Right Atrium

A

The upper right section of the heart where oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the heart

162
Q

Left Ventricle

A

The lower left section of the heart, which pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of the body

163
Q

Right Ventricle

A

The lower right section of the heart, which pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

164
Q

Valves

A

A flap-like folds in the lining of a blood vessel or other hollow organ that allow a liquid, such as blood, to flow in one direction only

165
Q

Lub Dub

A

The sound made by the heart valves as they close

166
Q

Blood Pressure

A

It measures how strongly the blood is pumped through the body’s main arteries

167
Q

Systolic Pressure

A

The higher blood pressure reading during contraction of the heart muscles

168
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A

The lower blood pressure reading during relaxation of the heart muscles

169
Q

Heartbeat

A

The contraction of the heart muscle occurring about 60–100 times per minute

170
Q

Pulse

A

The alternating contraction and expansion of arteries due to the pumping of blood by the heart

171
Q

Pacemaker

A

The electronic device inserted in the chest to keep the heart beating regularly at the correct rate. It works by stimulating the heart with tiny electrical impulses.

173
Q

Oxygen

A

A gas in the air (and water) that animals need to breathe in; made up of particles with two oxygen atoms. Plants produce oxygen as part of photosynthesis.

174
Q

Glucose

A

A simple sugar which is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates.

175
Q

Carbon Dioxide

A

A gas in the air produced by respiration and used by plants as part of photosynthesis. The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide.

176
Q

Epiglottis

A

A leaf-like flap of cartilage behind the tongue that closes the air passage during swallowing

177
Q

Trachea

A

A narrow tube from the mouth of the lungs through which air moves

178
Q

Lungs

A

The organ for breathing air. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs.

179
Q

Bronchioles

A

The narrow tubes through which air passes from the trachea to the smaller bronchioles and alveoli in the respiratory system. Singular = bronchus.

180
Q

Alveoli

A

The tiny air sacs in the lungs at the ends of the narrowest tubes. Oxygen moves from alveoli into the surrounding blood vessels, in exchange for carbon dioxide.

181
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

A Special kind of muscle in the heart that never tires. It is involved in pumping blood through the heart.

Semester 2 Science (5 decks)

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