P2 Flashcards
Which polluting gases contribute to photochemical smog?
Nitrogen oxides
Unburnt hydrocarbons
Which polluting gases contribute to acid rain?
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
What reaction occurs when water and calcium oxide are added to the flue gas?
CaO(s) + 2H2O(l) + SO2(g) + 1/2O2(g) —->CaSO4•2H2O(s)
What is produced from flue gas desulphurisation and what can this be oxidised to and thus used for?
Calcium Sulfite can be further oxidised to gypsum which can be used to make plasterboard.
What do catalytic converters reduce the output of in car engines?
Nitrogen oxides
Carbon monoxide
Unburnt hydrocarbons
What are the reactions that occur over catalytic converters in cars?
2CO(g) + 2NO(g) —> N2(g) + 2CO2(g)
CH4(g) + 4NO(g) —> 2N2(g) + CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
What are the side products of free radical substitution?
Ethene during termination
Dichloromethane during propagation
Isomers with longer chain alkanes
What are the reactions for the breakdown of ozone from CFC’s?
Cl• + O3 —> ClO• + O2
ClO• + O3 —> 2O2 + Cl•
What are the properties of Halogenoalkanes?
- C-X bond is polar
- Not soluble in water
- Intermolecular forces are VDW’s and d-d
- Mix with hydrocarbons
- BP increases going down halogens and with chain length
What’s the trend in bond enthalpy with Halogenoalkanes?
Decreases going down group 7
What are the conditions for a substitution reaction?
Hydroxide ions at room temperature in aqueous solution favours substitution.
What are the conditions for an elimination reaction?
Hydroxide ions at high temperature, dissolved in ethanol, favours elimination.
How do you test for an acid?
Add calcium carbonate and Carbon dioxide will be released (turns lime water cloudy).
What are the polluting gases produced from fractional distillation of crude oil?
Carbon monoxide Nitrogen oxide Sulfur dioxide Carbon dioxide Carbon particulates Unburnt hydrocarbons Water vapour
Positional isomer
Functional group at different points
