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RUSVM Immunology > Exam 1: Inflammation > Flashcards

Exam 1: Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

5 Hallmark Signs of Acute Inflammation

A
  1. Calor/Heat
  2. Rubor/Redness
  3. Tumor/Edema
  4. Dolor/Pain
  5. Functio lesa
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2
Q

Inflammation plays an integral role in ____________ and __________ immunity.

A

Adaptive and innate

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3
Q

Definition of Inflammation

A

Defense rxn of living tissue against damage, aimed at removing the cause of injury and repairing the tissue

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4
Q

7 Mediators of Inflammation

A
  1. Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines
  2. Complement Components
  3. Prostaglandins
  4. Leukotrienes
  5. Vasoactive amines
  6. Platelet-Activating Factor
  7. Plasma Proteases
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5
Q

4 Pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

TNFa, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8

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6
Q

TNFa stands for:

A

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

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7
Q

___________ and _________ induce fever and stress hormone production (norepinephrine, vasopressin, activation of the RAAS)

A

TNF-a and IL-1

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8
Q

_____, ______, and _______ promote chemotaxis, induce extravasation of granulocytes and degranulation of neutrophils

A

IL-1, IL-6, IL-8

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9
Q

Complement Components: ________ and _________ increase vascular permeability

A

C3a, C5a

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10
Q

Complement components stimulate _________ of neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

A

chemotaxis

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11
Q

_____________ contribute to vasodilation, capillary permeability, pain and fever during inflammation

A

prostaglandins

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12
Q

Prostaglandins __________ the blood pressure

A

decrease

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13
Q

______ and ________, known as _______ prostaglandins, potentiate the effects of histamine and other inflammatory mediators

A

PGE1 and PGE2, known as STABLE prostaglandins

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14
Q

Prostaglandin thromboxane A2 promotes __________________ and __________________

A

Platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction

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15
Q

4 Leukotrienes

A

LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, LTE4

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16
Q

_____, _____, and ______ are Slow-Reacting substance of anaphylaxis; induce smooth muscle contraction

A

LTC4, LTD4, LTE4

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17
Q

______ is a potent chemoattractant of neutrophils

A

LTB4

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18
Q

2 vasoactive amines

A

Histamine, Serotonin

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19
Q

Vasoactive amines cause (dilation or constriction?) and (increased or decreased?) permeability of capillaries

A

dilation, increased permeability

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20
Q

Vasoactive amines act through _____ receptors

A

H1

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21
Q

___________ activates neutrophils and is a potent eosinophil chemoattractant

A

Platelet-Activating Factor

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22
Q

2 Plasma Proteases

A

Clotting Factors, Kinins

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23
Q

Increase capillary permeability (a role in hyperthermia and redness) and pain

A

Kinins (bradykinin)

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24
Q

Production of fibrin peptides during the final steps of the clotting process

A

Clotting Factors

25
Q

3 Phases of the Vascular Response

A

I. Vasoconstriction
II. Active Vasodilation
III. Passive Vasodilation

26
Q

Phase of Vascular response associated with rubor/redness and calor/heat

A

Phase II: Active Vasodilation

27
Q

Phase of Vascular Response associated with tumor/edema, dolor/pain, and functio lesa

A

Phase III: Passive Vasodilation

28
Q

Phase of Vascular Response that begins 30 seconds after injury and lasts a few minutes; not associated with any hallmark signs

A

Phase I: Vasoconstriction

29
Q

Phase of Vascular Response in which blood vessels stop reacting to nervous and humoral stimuli

A

Phase III: Passive Vasodilation

30
Q

Cellular Response is marked by the movement of ________ into the area of injury

A

leukocytes

31
Q

4 Events of the Cellular Response

A
  1. Chemotaxis
  2. Rolling
  3. Migration
  4. Phagocytosis
32
Q

Cellular Response: Leukocytes slow down and increase their expression of adhesion molecules

A

Rolling

33
Q

Cellular Response: neutrophils and macrophages engulf and degrade the bacteria and cellular debris

A

Phagocytosis

34
Q

Cellular response: movement of phagocytes into the tissue spaces

A

Migration

35
Q

Cellular response: movement of leukocytes in response to a chemical signal to the site of inflammation

A

Chemotaxis

36
Q

4 CAM Families of proteins

A
  1. Selectins
  2. Mucins
  3. Integrins
  4. Ig-superfamily CAM
37
Q

CAM: a group of heavily glycosylated, serine and threonine-rich proteins that bind to selectins

A

Mucins

38
Q

CAM: Contain immunoglobulin-like domains and fibronectin domains

A

Ig-Superfamily

39
Q

CAM: Membrane glycoproteins containing extracellular LECTIN DOMAINS that bind carbohydrate moieties found on mucin-like molecules

A

Selectins

40
Q

CAM:Heterodimeric proteins consisting of alpha and beta chains that are covalently joined at the cell surfact

A

Integrins

41
Q

Three most important selectins

A

E, P, and L

42
Q

CAM: responsible for leukocyte interaction with endothelium during the initial phase of inflammation

A

Selectins

43
Q

Deficiency in B2 integrin leads to immunodeficiency called _____________ ___________ ____________, where neutrophils are unable to extravasate

A

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency

44
Q

The process referred to as endothelial cell activation during the initiation of inflammation, cytokines and other mediators of inflammation stimulate the endothelial cells leading to increased expression of CAMs

A

Leukocyte Extravasation

45
Q

Four phases of leukocyte extravasation

A
  1. Rolling
  2. Activation
  3. Adhesion
  4. Diapedesis/Transendothelial migration
46
Q

Leukocyte Extravasation: Activation of the endothelium and leukocytes produces conformational changes in cells; integrins on leukocytes can bind firmly to the endothelium

A

Adhesion

47
Q

Leukocyte Extravasation: At the site of injury, leukocytes with the aid of their mucin CAMs loosely bind to selectin E and P on endothelial cells

A

Rolling

48
Q

Leukocytes squeeze in between two neighboring endothelial cells and pass into inflamed tissue; self-to-self binding

A

Diapedesis

49
Q

Increase in cytokine (chemokine) secretion by endothelial cells; increase in chemokin receptor expression on leukocytes

A

Activation

50
Q

Three Complement Pathways

A
  1. Classical
  2. Lectin
  3. Alternate
51
Q

Pathway with antigen:antibody complexes

A

Classical

52
Q

Pathway with Pathogen surfaces

A

Alternative

53
Q

Pathway with lectin binding to pathogen surfaces

A

Lectin

54
Q

First line of protection (Complement Pathway)

A

Some components of the complement act as chemoattractants to recruit phagocytic cells to sites of complement activation

55
Q

Second line of protection (Complement Pathway)

A

Generation of large amounts of activated complement proteins that bind covalently to the pathogens opsonizing them for phagocytosis

56
Q

Third line of protection (Complement Pathway)

A

The final components of the complement activation kill (damage) microbes by creating pores in their membranes

57
Q

How is the classical complement activation pathway initiated?

A

Binding of C1q (first protein of cascade) to the surface of a pathogen

58
Q

How is the lectin complement activation pathway initiated?

A

Binding of carbohydrate-binding proteins to carbohydrates on the surface of pathogens

59
Q

How is the alternative complement activation pathway initiated?

A

Binding of spontaneously activated plasma C3 to pathogen surfaces

RUSVM Immunology (2 decks)

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