Chapter 3 and 4

Question 1

belief

Answer 1

true, justified: knowledge

Question 2

justification

Answer 2

logic, observation, empirical, rational

logic

Question 3

observation

Answer 3

subjective

Question 4

deductive argument

Answer 4

The premises purport to guarantee, warrant, or insure the truth of the conclusion.

Question 5

statistical argument

Answer 5

Show only the probability the premises confer on the conclusion.

Question 6

valid deducted argument

Answer 6

An argument in which the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the concept of the conclusion.

Question 7

conditionals

Answer 7

Statements of the form “If_ _ _, then . . .” , also called “hypotheticals”. Used frequently in science because it does not address what happens when the first part (the antecedent) is not fulfilled.

Question 8

experimental study

Answer 8

A population is divided into the control group, consisting of individuals who will not be exposed to the suspected causal agent, and the experimental group, containing only individuals who will be exposed.

Question 9

prospective study

Answer 9

The sample population consists of an experimental group, which has already been exposed to the suspected cause, and a control group of individuals who have not been exposed.

Question 10

retrospective study

Answer 10

The final type of statistical study. From the very meaning of “retrospective”, one can immediately see that these studies are “backwards-looking.”

Question 11

margin of error

Answer 11

depends entirely on sample size and decreases inversely with sample size.

Question 12

observation

Answer 12

the most convincing reason of all (in science)

Question 13

explanation

Answer 13

When a particular event occurs before it is related to a universal generalization and the process of covering it with a generalization

Question 14

prediction

Answer 14

In contrast to explanation, when the particular event is to occur in the future, its derivation from a universal statement

Question 15

hypothetico deductive model

Answer 15

scheme for a simple deductive argument with a universal conditional (or hypothetical) statement as its principal premise

Question 16

initial condition

Answer 16

situation created in the laboratory or observed in nature in which the principal factor is under scrutiny

Question 17

auxillary hypothesis

Answer 17

Claims, other than the principal hypothesis under test, which are required in order to validly draw the conclusion from the principal hypothesis and initial conditions.

Question 18

falsification

Answer 18

act of declaring a hypothesis, premise, etc. false

Question 19

naive falsification

Answer 19

belief that the failure of a prediction conclusively falsifies the hypothesis in question

Question 20

crucial experiment

Answer 20

a dramatic test used to explain the superiority of one hypothesis/theory to another

Question 21

disinterested observer

Answer 21

someone who has no other pursuits or obligations and does not gain or lose from observing the experiment; i.e. gentlemen of leisure do not gain or lose financially from the experiment’s outcome