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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

fear

A

the central nervous system’s physiological & emotional response to a serious threat to one’s well being

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2
Q

anxiety

A

the central nervous system’s physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger

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3
Q

anxiety disorders

A

fear/anxiety can be useful for self preservation but when triggered by inappropriate situations or is too long lasting it can be debilitating

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4
Q

most common mental disorder in U.S.

A

anxiety disorders

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5
Q

generalized anxiety

A

disorder a disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities. general & persistent feelings of worry & anxiety. DSM 5 requires it to be present for at least 3 months and it used to be 6 months

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6
Q

sociocultural theory (GAD)

A

GAD most likely in those faced with dangerous societal conditions and threatening environments. war, poverty, natural disasters, race & ethnicity. *note- sociocultural variables not only factor at work because not all people in threatening environments develop GAD.

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7
Q

psychodynamic theory (GAD)

A

Freud- everything goes back to childhood. Kids experience realistic (anxiety when facing actual danger), neurotic (anxiety when repeatedly prevented from experiencing id impulses), and moral (anxiety when punished for expressing id) anxiety. Today’s psychodynamic theorists say that GAD can be traced to inadequacies in childhood relationships.

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8
Q

psychodynamic therapies (GAD)

A

free association, transference, resistance, and dreams. studies suggest these are only of modest help and are best used short term in therapy.

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9
Q

humanistic theory (GAD)

A

sufferers fail to receive unconditional positive regard & have conditions of worth

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10
Q

humanistic therapy (GAD)

A

client centered therapy - developed by Carl Rogers; therapists try to help clients by being accepting, empathizing accurately, and conveying genuineness. no strong support for effectiveness.

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11
Q

existential theory (GAD)

A

GAD is a result of existential anxiety (fear of limits & responsibilities of one’s existence; universal - there is a limit to life)

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12
Q

cognitive theory (GAD)

A

dysfunctional thinking causes GAD. assumptions are irrational/not based in reality (basic irrational assumptions). Albert Ellis & Aaron Beck. metacognitive theory (Wells; GAD sufferers hold positive and negative beliefs about anxiety but they worry about worrying.) intolerance of uncertainty theory (cannot tolerate possibility that negative events may occur.) avoidance theory (Borkovec; worry serves as quick way to cope with unpleasant bodily states)

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13
Q

cognitive therapy (GAD)

A

rational-emotive therapy - Ellis; helps clients identify and change irrational assumptions & thinking. mindfulness-based cognitive therapy - Hayes; accept thoughts rather than eliminate them

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14
Q

biological theory (GAD)

A

looks at biological factors like genetics and brain structure and chemistry.

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15
Q

family pedigree studies

A

research where investigators find out which/if relatives of a person with a disorder have the disorder.

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16
Q

GABA

A

neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid, whose low activity has been linked to GAD

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17
Q

biological treatments (GAD)

A

benzo’s, antidepressants, antipsychotics. relaxation training - teach clients to relax at will so they can self calm in stressful situations. biofeedback - client is given info about physiological reactions and learns to control them voluntarily.

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18
Q

phobias

A

persistent and UNREASONABLE fear of an object, activity or situation.

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19
Q

specific phobias

A

severe and persistent fear of a specific object or situation

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20
Q

classical conditioning

A

process of learning in which two events repeatedly occur close together in time become tied together in a person’s mind and produce the same response. behavioral explanation for phobias.

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21
Q

modeling

A

process of learning in which a person observes & imitates others. behavioral explanation for phobias.

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22
Q

stimulus generalization

A

phenomenon in which response to one stimulus are produced by similar stimuli. behavioral explanation for phobias.

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23
Q

preparedness

A

a predisposition to develop certain fears.

24
Q

Bandura & Rosenthal 1966.

A

buzzer modeling experiment.

25
Q

exposure treatments

A

desensitization, flooding, modeling. behavioral approaches to phobias. person exposed to the object/fear they dread.

26
Q

systematic desensitization

A

Joseph Wolfe. relaxation training/fear hierarchy. gradually face feared object/situation. vivo - confrontation/covert - imagined

27
Q

flooding

A

clients forced to face fears w/o relaxation training. can be vivo or covert

28
Q

modeling treatment

A

therapist confronts feared object or situation calmly. can be participant where client is encouraged to join.

29
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear of being in public places or situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable. twice as common in women and poor people

30
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

severe, persistent, & irrational anxiety about social/performance situations. poor & minorities twice as likely.

31
Q

social skills training

A

therapy that helps people improve social skills through modeling, role playing, rehearsing, feedback, and reinforcement.

32
Q

panic attacks

A

periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within minutes, and gradually pass.

33
Q

panic disorder

A

an anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks

34
Q

norepinephrine

A

a neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to panic disorder and depression

35
Q

locus ceruleus

A

a small area of the brain that seems to be active in the regulation of emotions. Many of its neurons use norepinephrine

36
Q

amygdala

A

a small almond shaped structure in the brain that processes emotional information

37
Q

biological explanation (panic disorder)

A

norepinephrine activity is irregular in people who suffer from panic attacks. panic disorders are different from anxiety disorders, appearing to occur in different parts of the brain.

38
Q

biological treatment (panic disorder)

A

antidepressants and benzo’s

39
Q

cognitive explanation (panic disorder)

A

panic prone people are just very sensitive to bodily sensations, which they misinterpret as a medical catastrophe

40
Q

biological challenge tests

A

a procedure that produces panic through the administration of drugs, vigorous exercise, heavy breathing, or breathing exercises.

41
Q

anxiety sensitivity

A

panic prone focus on their bodily sensations much of the time and are unable to approach them logically and interpret the worst

42
Q

cognitive therapy (panic disorder)

A

educate clients about bodily sensations. teach logical interpretations. teach coping skills. use biological challenge tests to allow clients to test new skills in supervised setting.

43
Q

obsession

A

a persistent thought, idea, impulse, or image that is experienced repeatedly, feels intrusive, and causes anxiety

44
Q

compulsion

A

a repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act a person feels they muse perform to prevent/reduce anxiety. voluntary.

45
Q

OCD

A

a disorder where a person has recurring, unwanted thoughts, a need to perform repetitive and rigid actions, or both.

46
Q

psychodynamic explanation (ocd)

A

isolation, undoing, reaction formation. Freud - anal stage

47
Q

isolation

A

ego defense mechanism where people subconsciously isolate & disown unwanted thoughts, seeing them as foreign intrusions

48
Q

undoing

A

ego defense mechanism where people unconsciously cancel out unacceptable thought/act by performing another act

49
Q

reaction formation

A

ego defense mechanism where people supress an unacceptable desire by living a lifestyle that is the opposite.

50
Q

behavioral perspective (ocd)

A

focus on treating the BEHAVIORS (compulsions) rather than the thoughts (obsessions).

51
Q

exposure & response prevention

A

behavioral treatment for ocd where clients are exposed to anxiety arousing thoughts and then prevented from performing compulsive act.

52
Q

neutralizing

A

person’s attempt to eliminate unwanted thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that put matters right internally, making up for the unacceptable thoughts.

53
Q

cognitive perspective (ocd)

A

everyone has intrusive, unwanted thoughts. ocd people blame themselves and try to neutralize them. treatment involves challenging distorted thoughts

54
Q

biological perspective (ocd)

A

twin studies show partial genetic link. serotonin levels low. glutamate, GABA, and dopamine may also play a role. brain may function abnormally, specifically the orbitofrontal cortex & caudate nuclei. treatments involve drugs but high relapse occurs with drug therapy only.

55
Q

serotonin neurotransmitter.

A

abnormal activity linked to depression, ocd, & eating disorders.

56
Q

orbitofrontal

A

cortex region of brain in which impulses involving excretion, sexuality, violence, & other primitive activities rise.

57
Q

caudate nuclei

A

structures in the brain withing basal ganglia that convert sensory info into thoughts and actions

Abnormal Psychology (3 decks)

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