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Exercise Phys > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

parasympathetic changes

A

slowing heart rate, blood pressure drops, pupils will restrict, allows for more blood flow to digestive system. rest and digest. sexual activity/breeding

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2
Q

sympathetic changes

A

fight or flight reactions smooth, heart, gland, goose bumps, pupils dilate, heart rate raises, body temperature goes up.

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3
Q

major functions of the nervous system

A

1) control of internal environment
2) voluntary control of movement
3) programming of spinal cord reflexes
4) assimilation of experiences necessary for memory and learning

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4
Q

somatic

A

skeletal muscle

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5
Q

autonomic

A

smooth, cardiac

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6
Q

afferent

A

receiving info

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7
Q

efferent

A

sending info out (responding to afferent and causing a somatic or autonomic response)

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8
Q

CNS

A

cerebellum; coordinating movement

spinal cord; beginning of delivery system

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9
Q

nerve cell

A

functional unit of nervous system

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10
Q

somas role

A

process info

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11
Q

dendrites role

A

receive info

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12
Q

axons role

A

sending info

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13
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath that help the signal move quickly by a salitory conduction

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14
Q

neurons

A

excitable and able to receive info and respond

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15
Q

irritability

A

ability of dendrites and cell body to respond to a stimulus and convert it into a neural impulse

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16
Q

conductivity

A

ability of neurons to transmit an impulse along its axon to target tissue

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17
Q

key step to muscle contraction

A

is action potential

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18
Q

True or False?

At rest neurons are more negatively charged on the inside compared to the outside of the cell

A

True

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19
Q

What determines RMP? (resting membrane potential)

A

The permeability characteristics of the cell membrane and difference in ion concentration inside & outside of the cell

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20
Q

sodium potassium pump (NA+/K+ Pump)

A

allows us to maintain resting membrane potential

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21
Q

active transport

A

needs energy aka ATP

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22
Q

Action Potential

A

rapid changes in the membrane potential due to changes in membrane permeability.

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23
Q

Depolarization is due primarily to

A

increased permeability of sodium (Na+) to rush into the cell. The influx of sodium leads to depolarization

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24
Q

in depolarization when the threshold is reached what will result?

A

AP (action potential)

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25
Q

Repolarization

A

Increase in membrane permeability to potassium (K+) so that potassium leaves the cell and a decrease in permeability to sodium (Na+)

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26
Q

what is the net result of Repolarization?

A

a restoration of resting membrane potential

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27
Q

Motor unit

A

motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

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28
Q

What is the connection site for motor neuron and muscle fiber?

A

Neuromuscular junction

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29
Q

Motor end-plate

A

region on muscle fiber that receives impulse from neuron

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30
Q

Neuromuscular cleft

A

region separating motor neuron from muscle

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31
Q

Acetylcholine

A

The Neurotransmitter used to depolarize skeletal muscle

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32
Q

End-plate potential

A

What happens when Ach is put on motor end-plate

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33
Q

somatic motor neurons of PNS

A

Carries neural messages from spinal cord to skeletal muscle

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34
Q

innervation ratio

A

of muscle fibers per motor neuron

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35
Q

what muscle has a low innervation?

A

Ocular muscle (eyes)

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36
Q

what muscle has a high innervation?

A

Quadriceps

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37
Q

Acetylcholine plays a big role in

A

the ability to send a signal

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38
Q

Order of neurotransmitters and synaptic transmission

A

impulse travels down axon to Endfoot, vesicles release neurotransmitter, neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft and attaches to receptor on post-synaptic neuron.

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39
Q

1.Ap
2.ST
3.EF
which cause

A
  1. Action potential
  2. Synaptic terminal
  3. End-Foot
    which causes calcium to go in causing synaptic vesicles to merge with membrane and open up.
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40
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

breaks down Acetylcholine into Choline and acetic acid

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41
Q

why is it important to have folded Sarcomere

A

more sodium channels and surface area

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42
Q

Fast twitch

A

fatigue quickly

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43
Q

1Proprioceptors

A

provide info relative to the body in space

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44
Q

Kinesthesia

A

the conscious recognition of the movement of our body

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45
Q

somatic receptors and reflexes

A

provide info to the CNS about environment (internal & external)

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46
Q

3 joint receptors

A
  1. free nerve endings-skin (touch, pressure)
  2. Golgi type receptors-ligaments
  3. Pacinian corpuscles-tissues surround joint
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47
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

A

tissues surround joint, they respond to rotational speed

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48
Q

Muscle Spindle

A

Detect dynamic and static changes in muscle length, stretch on muscle causes reflex contraction. muscle spindles are responsible for flexing a muscle.

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49
Q

Muscle Spindle

A

Detect dynamic and static changes in muscle length, stretch on muscle causes reflex contraction. muscle spindles are responsible for flexing a muscle. (hands have a lot)

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50
Q

Muscle spindles in order

A
  1. Muscle spindles detect stretch of the muscle
  2. sensory neurons conduct action potential to the spinal cord
  3. sensory neurons synapse with alpha motor neurons
  4. stimulation of the alpha motor neurons causes the muscle to contract and resist being stretched
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51
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

(GTO) monitor tension developed by muscle, prevents damage during excessive force generation, stimulation results in reflex relaxation of muscle.

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52
Q 
#2 
Muscle Chemoreceptors
A

Neurons found in muscle which responds to H+, Co2 and/or K+

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53
Q

what type of stimulus would you expect an increase in H+, & CO2?

A

Innervating the muscles with high intensity workout.

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54
Q 
#3 
Reflexes
A

a. harmful stimulus cases impulse to be sent via affective fibers to the spinal cord.
b. interneurons pass signal to motor neurons
c. impulses travels down motor neuron where it leads muscle contraction

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55
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

the antagonistic muscle group is simultaneously inhibited which allows freedom of movement

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56
Q

crossed-Extensor reflex

A

limb on other side of body moves to help maintain body control

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57
Q

Exercise benefits for brain health

A

improved memory enhancement in learning, lowers the chance of stroke, dementia, and Parkinsons.

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58
Q

True of False? Exercise is as effective as SSRI’s

A

True

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59
Q

True or False? Exercise stimulates Neuro-genesis and lowers inflammation.

A

True

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60
Q

what does more blood flow to tissue mean?

A

more nutrients in and more yuckies out.

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61
Q

skeletal muscle cells

A

striated, voluntary control and 95% of our muscle cells

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62
Q

Cardiac muscle cells

A

striated, involuntary control by autonomic system and hormones, and about 1% of muscle cells (only in the heart)

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63
Q

Smooth muscle cells

A

non-striated, involuntary, in the walls of blood vessels and internal organs

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64
Q

In Cardiac muscle cells the nuclei is

A

single and more central

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65
Q

In skeletal muscle cells there are ______nuclei?

A

multiple

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66
Q

Cardiac fiber type

A

Slow twitch (40% more mitochondria)

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67
Q

characteristics of muscle tissue

  1. Irritability
  2. Contractility
  3. Extensibility
  4. Elasticity
A
  1. Excitable
  2. Ability of muscle to shorten through stimulus
  3. stretch and lengthen
  4. Elasticity (goes back to normal)
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68
Q

structure of skeletal muscle

A 
Tendon 
Deep Fascia 
Epimysium
Fasicle - Perimysium
Muscle Fiber- Endomysium
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69
Q

cellular structure of muscle fibers

A

composed of bundles of myofibrils

70
Q

sarcoplasm

A

Is basically the cytoplasm of muscle fiber

71
Q

sarcomere

A

functional unit of muscle fiber

72
Q

satellite cells

A

act like a bridge to repair damaged muscle

73
Q

myofibrils

A

thread like structure that make up a muscle fiber

74
Q

myofibrils are composed of thin and thick what?

A

Myofilaments

75
Q

thick myofilaments

A

myosin-thick protein filaments, contain crossbridges that have high affinity for actin

76
Q

think myofilaments

A

actin- major component of thin protein filaments

77
Q

Troponin

A

Covers up binding spots (to hold tropomyosin)

78
Q

Tropomyosin

A

hair like structure wrapped around actin

79
Q

A-band

A

Contains myosin (dArk area)

80
Q

I-band

A

contains actin - doesn’t include overlap (lIght area)

81
Q

H-zone

A

No overlap of actin - only contains myosin (no overlap when muscle shortens

82
Q

Z-line

A

end of sarcomere

83
Q

m-line

A

middle of sarcomere

84
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

series of channels around myofibrils (calcium in sarcoplasmic reticulum)

85
Q

Terminal Cisternae

A

membranous channels - large part of sarcoplasmic reticulum (chocolate part of oreo)

86
Q

Transverse Tubule

A

cream in an oreo

87
Q

Tendons are trainable and______

A

Elastic

88
Q

phases of muscle contraction

A
  1. excitation
  2. excitation-contraction coupling
  3. contraction
    - relaxation
89
Q

what happens during excitation

A

action potential causes calcium channels to open, which causes calcium to go in, once it gets into the end foot calcium causes synaptic vesicles to go toward endfoot, then bind to and release acetylcholine, which moves across cleft and binds to sodium channels.

90
Q

excitation-contraction coupling

A

calcium is stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium leaves, actin-myosin is being flooded by calcium, troponin covering handles, calcium binds to troponin, tropomyosin holds troponin, tropomyosin going to open.

91
Q

sliding filament theory

A

myosin grabs actin and pulls it past

92
Q

Important enzyme

A

myosin ATPpase

93
Q

True or False? myosin makes up 50% of muscle protein

A

True

94
Q

Role of myosin

A

enzymatic and structural

95
Q

Role of Actin

A

Slide past myosin

96
Q

Role of ATP

A

Its breakdown and release of energy powers cross-bridge movements, Pi released @ beginning of cross-bridge movement. ADP released at the end of pull phase. ATP binds to Myosin cross-bridge.

97
Q

A-band

A

Myosin doesnt change in length

98
Q

I -bankd

A

Actin only

99
Q

Z-line

A

shortens

100
Q

M-line

A

Middle

101
Q

H-zone

A

gets closer together and disappears

102
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

a muscle shortens or lengthens because the thick and thin filaments slide past each other WITHOUT CHANGING LENGTH .

103
Q

Relaxation

A

muscle stimulation ceases, calcium is actively pumped back into SR (lateral vesicles), troponin frees up to inhibit actin-myosin interaction, myofilaments return to original states.

104
Q

action potential tell all calcium to______

A

Leave

105
Q

myasthenia

A

chronic condition associated with muscle weakness and fatigue, small muscles affected first (eye muscle), Ach is blocked,

106
Q

Types of muscle action Isotonic (dynamic)

  1. concentric
  2. eccentric
A

concentric=muscle shortens during force generation

eccentric=muscle lengthens during force generation

107
Q

Types of muscle action Isometric (static)

A

no change in length

108
Q

Types of muscle action Isokinetic

A

force generated at a constant speed

109
Q

speed of shortening is greatest in fast or slow fibers

A

fast

110
Q

True or false SR releases Calcium

A

True

111
Q

Force generation in muscle depends on the neural stimulation of the motor units

A

twitches
summation
tetanus

112
Q

Types and number of motor units recruited

A

more motor units =greater force

fast twitch motor units = greater force

113
Q

length-tension relationship

A

our ability to generate force is dependent on these relationships

114
Q

force-velocity relationship

A

at any given force, velocity is faster in FT compared to ST fibers
maximum velocity of muscle shortening is at least resistance

115
Q

Power-velocity relationship

A

at any given velocity, more power is generated by Foot compared to ST fibers

116
Q

Fiber types

A

slow twitch and fast twitch

117
Q

slow twitch

A

type 1

slow, oxidative

118
Q

fast twitch

A

type IIa
fast, oxidative
type IIb
fast, glycolytic

119
Q

muscle fiber characteristics

A

Type IIb = white
Type IIA = pink
Type I = Red

120
Q

muscle fiber typing

A 
muscle biopsy only representative of the specific muscle. 
think slices of the muscle are analyzed 
-staining for type of myosin ATPas 
-immunohistochemical staining 
-Gel Electrophoresis
121
Q

sport % slow fiber % fast fibers

A

distance runners 70-80 20-30
track sprinters 25-30 70-75
nonathletes 47-53 47-53

122
Q

steps in muscle biopsy

A
  1. identify muscle
  2. providon to clean it by making a circular motion outward
  3. lydocain to numb the site for 30
  4. come back to incision
  5. pull suction and 2 clips
  6. flash freeze the muscle with isopiritain
123
Q

major functions of the cardiovascular system

A
  • transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones to tissues and remove waste.
  • regulation of body temperature
  • Immune function
124
Q

Myocardium

A

The heart wall receives blood supply via coronary arteries, myocardial infarction

125
Q

Properties of cardiac cells

A

excitability, inherent rhythmicity, conductivity, contractility

126
Q

Excitability

A

allows response to occur

127
Q

Types of muscle action

A

cells are able to depolarize w/o input from nervous system

128
Q

what goes on in capillaries

A

gas exchanges occur getting oxygen in and carbon dioxide out

129
Q

conduction pathway

A 
Sinoatrial node = 100bpm 
internal pathways 
Atroventricular node 
bundle of His 
Bundle branches 
Purkinje fibers 
ventricular cells
130
Q

electrocardiogram

A

a recording of the electrical activity of the heart
p-wave atrial depolarization
QRS complex- ventricular depolarization
T-wave repolarization of ventricles

131
Q

The cardiac cycle

A

blood volume peaks right before QRS complex , end of Twave volume blood volume is the lowest

132
Q

arterial blood pressure

A

force being exerted by blood on arterial walls, adequate blood pressure is needed to circulate the blood to all parts of the body
-pressure during the cardiac cycle allows for circulation

133
Q

systolic BP

A

big#, pressure during contraction phase of cardiac cycle. (ventricular)

134
Q

Diastolic BP

A

lowest pressure during relaxation phase of cardiac cycle

135
Q

mean arterial blood pressure

A

diastolic blood pressure + 0.33(sbp-dbp)

136
Q

effects of beta blocker on hypertension for both exercise and rest

A

heart rate down, blood pressure down, exercise capacity down

137
Q

effects of calcium channel blocker on hypertension for both exercise and rest

A

heart rate up for exercise and normal for rest.

blod pressure down, exercise capacity normal

138
Q

Diuretics

A

heart rate is normal, blood pressure is down for rest and normal for exercise, exercise capacity is normal

139
Q

first sound is?

A

systolic

140
Q

fourth sound heard during

A

exercise

141
Q

fifth sound heard during

A

rest, represent diastolic BP

142
Q

factors that influence arterial pressure

A
  1. blood volume increases-long
  2. heart rate increases
  3. stroke volume increases
  4. blood velocity increases-long
  5. peripheral resistance increases
143
Q

cardiac output

A

the amount of blood the heart pumps out each minute
determined by the need to deliver oxygen to tissues and remove waste
Q(L/min)=HRXSV

144
Q

control of heart rate

A
  • Medulla oblongata-cardiovascular control center
  • sympathetic input
  • parasympathetic input
  • other input
  • Rt atrial pressure
  • core temperature
  • metabolic demand
145
Q

parasympathetic

A

acetylcholine

146
Q

sympathetic

A

catecholine (epinephrine, norepinephrine)

147
Q

control of stroke volume

A

amount of blood pumped from the heart each beat

148
Q

Stroke volume

A

end-diastolic volume-filling
end-systolic volume- emptying
mean arterial pressure
contractility

149
Q

end-diastolic volume

A

amount of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole
“preload”
frank-starling law of the heart

150
Q

frank-starling law of the heart

A

heart will contract w/ more force when the cardiac muscle fibers are stretched to optimal link

151
Q

True or false more blood returning to the heart causes venous return

A

True

152
Q

factors impacting venous return during exercise

A

venoconstriction
muscle pump
respiratory pump
(has biggest influence on end-diastolic volume)

153
Q

muscle pump

A

the muscle contracting squeezes veins to allow blood to go to heart

154
Q

True or false veins dont have elasticity venoconstriction dependent on

A

True

155
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

pressure against the heart works limits the amount of blood pumed.
afterload
SV is inversely related to arterial pressure
increase in “afterload” is minimized during exercise because of dilation in arterioles in working muscles

156
Q

contractility

A

sympathetic stimulation

circulating catecholamines

157
Q

cardiac output

A

parasympathetic nerves decreases heart rate
sympathetic nerves increases heart rate and contraction strength increases stroke volume
end-diastolic volume increases stroke volume
mean arterial pressure decreases stroke volume

158
Q

hemodynamics

A

study of the factors and physical principles that influence blood flow
-blood will flow from areas of higher pressure to lower pressure

159
Q

physical characteristics of blood

A

plasma
cells
hematocrit (% of blood composed of cells)

160
Q

pressure, resistance, and flow

A

flow =/\ pressure / resistance

flow is directly proportional to the difference in pressure at the beginning and end of the systems

161
Q

In the systemic circulation flow is

A

proportional to the difference between mean arterial pressure and right atrial pressure

162
Q

Flow is inversely proportional to the

A

resistance

163
Q

blood vessel structure

A 
3 layers of blood vessels 
tunica Externia 
Tunica Media 
.smooth fibers 
.elastic fibers 
Tunica intima
164
Q

resistance to flow

A

related to the length of the vessel, viscosity of the blood, and the radius of the vessel
length X Viscosity/Radius

165
Q

CV adjustments to blood flow during exercise

A

oxygen demand by muscles during exercise ismany times greater than at rest
increased oxygen delivery accomplished by:

166
Q

increased oxygen delivery accomplished by

A

increased cardiac output

redistribution of blood flow to skeletal muscle

167
Q

Fick equation

A

oxygen consumption is directly proportional to both cardiac output and a-v O2 diff

168
Q

a-v O2 diff

A

arterial-mixed venous oxygen content difference

represents the amount of oxygen removed from 100 ml of blood as it travels through the body

169
Q

changes in cardiac output during exercise

A

SV increases linearly up to 40-50% of max., then stays at this level

170
Q

changes in cardiac output during exercise

A

HR increases linearly with incremental exercise

171
Q

arm Vs. Leg work

A

at the same oxygen uptake arm work results in higher blood pressure and heart rate

Exercise Phys (3 decks)

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