5.3-5.10 Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
textiles
A
cloth items
2
Q
spinning jenny
A
a machine that could spin several threads at once
3
Q
water frame
A
powered by water; turned out yatf mich faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to the development of mechanized looms
4
Q
James Hargreaves
A
invented the spinning jenny
5
Q
Richard Arkwright
A
invented the water frame
6
Q
factory system
A
a method of production that brought many machines and workers together into one building
7
Q
agricultural revolution
A
a time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. the production of food rose dramatically.
8
Q
crop rotation
A
a system of growing a different crop in a different field each year to preserve the fertility of the land.
9
Q
seed drill
A
created by Jethro Tull, it allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; this boosted crop yields
10
Q
industrial revolution
A
a period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s
11
Q
industrialization
A
the development of industries for the machine production of goods
12
Q
cottage industry
A
manufacturing based in homes rather than ina factory. commonly found before the industrial revolution
13
Q
Eli whitney
A
invented the cotton gin, and revolutionized interchangeable parts.
14
Q
interchangeable parts
A
identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing
15
Q
division of labor
A
when work is broken into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers
16
Q
specialization of labor
A
tp train or specialize people in cartain areas of work so that people can accomplish tasks quicker
17
Q
assembly line
A
in a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker with each person performing a different task on a single product
18
Q
enclosure movement
A
18th century privatization of common lands in england, which contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization
19
Q
capital
A
money for investment
20
Q
seaways
A
inland waterways capable of accommodating seagoing ships; one of Britain’s geographical advantages
21
Q
raw materials
A
the basic resource from which a product is made
22
Q
manchester
A
city in England. one of the leading industrial areas; an example of an industrial revolution city; first major rail line linked Liverpool to this location in 1830
23
Q
Liverpool
A
city and one of the largest ports in England.
24
Q
Trans-Siberian railroad
A
allowed easier exporting of goods. provided transportation through the Ural mountains. allowed more people to settle in Siberia.
25
human captial
the knowledge and skills a worker gains through education and experience
26
company rule
the rule or dominion of the British East India Company on the Indian sub-continent .
27
coal
a combustable black or dark brown rock consisting of carbonized plant matter, found mainly in underground deposits and widely used as fuel
28
coaling stations
seaports where naval ships could fill up with coal
29
alexander graham bell
credited with inventing the telephone
30
guglielmo marconi
Italian electrical engineer who is known as the father of the radio
31
transcontinental railroad
railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US
32
steam engine
a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid
33
James watt
Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in the industry
34
steel
a form of iron that is both durable and flexible. it was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment
35
oil
a viscous liquid derived from petroleum, especially for use as a fuel or lubricant
36
second industrial revolution
involved the development of chemicals, oil, electrical and steel industries. mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. it saw the popularization of cinema and radio. provided widespread employment and increased population
37
mamluks
under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid caliphate of the 9th and 10th centuries. they eventually found their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria.
38
Muhammad ali
leader of Egyptian modernization in the early 19th century
39
Matthew perry
the commmodore of the US navy who compelled the opening of japan to the west
40
zaibatsu
large conglomerate corporations through which key elite families exerted a great deal of political power in imperial japan. by WWII four of the controlled most of the economy in japan
41
automatic loom
allowed for clothes to be made faster and changed bobbins automatically with out stopping
42
Meiji restoration
in 1868, a Japanese-sponsored industrialization and westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese, who had previously existed as a symbolic figure
43
charter oath
5 point policyissued by japans maiji emporer, which described japans plan for modernization calling for democracy, equality of class, rejection of outdated customs, and accenpence of foreign knowledge
44
corporations
businesses that are owned by many investors who by shares of a stock
45
stockholders
people or entities that own stock in a corporation therefore are it owners
46
stock market
general term used to describe all transactions involving the buying or selling of stock shares issued by a company
47
monopoly
complete control of a product or industry by one person or group
48
cecil rhodes
British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British empire from South Africa into Central Africa. the colonies of southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after hi
49
transnational
extending or operating across national boundaries
50
Hong Kong and Shang Hai Banking Corporation
the prominent bank established and based in hong kong since 1865 when hong kong was a colony of the British empire
51
Unilever corporation
a British, dutch venture focused on household goods- most famously, soap
52
consumerism
a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of those who purchase goods and services
53
urbanization
the growth of cities
54
Bessemer process
a way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities
55
socialism
a political and economic theory f social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
56
Karl Marx
1818-1833. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. ofter recognized as the father of communism. analysis of history led to his belief the communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. believed in classless society
57
Fredrich Engels
socialist who wrote the communist manifesto with Karl Marx in in 1848
58
communist manifesto (1848)
a book written by Karl Marx. it suggested that there would be a social revolution in which the proletariat (working class) would overthrow the bourgeoisie (middle-class factory owners and then set up a classless, socialist community. this book was the blueprint for communist governments around the world
59
means of production
the tools, factories, and and investment capital used to produce wealth
60
communism
a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of al property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state; radical socialism
61
John Stuart Mill
english philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of utilitarianism (1806-1873); championed legal reforms to allow labor unions, limit child labor and ensure safe working conditions in factories
61
utilitarianism
the idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
61
Labor unions
an organizatio formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions
62
proletariat
marx's term for exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own means of production- the working class
63
Bourgeoisie
the middle class, including merchants, industrialists and professional people
64
Bushido
The feudal Japanese code of honor among the warrior class.
65
genros
the elder statesmen of japan who formerly advised the emporer
66
Mahmud II
ottoman sultan; built a private professional army; tormented the revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with the private army; destroyed the power of janissaries and crushed them with a private army. destroyed power of janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on western precedents
67
Tanzimat
Restructuring reforms by the 19th century ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elited and make military and bureaucracy more efficent
68
69
transnational
extending or operating across national boundaries
70
Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
Prominent bank established and based in Hong Kong since 1865 when hong kong was a colony of the British empire
71
Unilever Corporation
A British, Dutch venture, focused on household goods, most famously soap.
72
consumerism
a movemen advocating greater protection of the interests of those who purchase goods and services
73
Urbanization
growth of cities
74
Bessemer Process
A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities
75
Socialism
A political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole
76
Karl Marx
1818-1883. 19th-century philosopher, political economist, and sociologist. father of communism. believed in a classless society.
77
Fredrich Engles
socialist who wrtoe the communist manifesto with Karl Marxin 1848
78
Communist manifesto
written by Karl Marx. suggested that the proletarians would over throw the bourgeoisie
79
means of production
the tools, factories land, and investment capital used to produce wealth
80
communism
theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common. actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state. radical socialism
81
John Stuart Mill
english philosopher and economist. interpretation of ultarianism. allow labor unions, limit child labor, ensure safe working conditions
82
utilitarianism
idea that the goal of society should be to bring the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people
83
labor unions
an organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions
84
Proletariat
Marx's terms for the lower or exploited class. those who do not own the means of production.
85
bourgeoisie
middle class, including merchants industrialists and professional people
86
Bushido
Feudal Japan Code of Honor among the warrior class
87
genros
elder statesmen of Japan who formerly advised the Emporer
88
Mahmud II
Ottoman sultan: built private professional army which he used to crush janissaries
89
Tanzimat
restructuring reforms by the 19th century Ottoman rulers intended to move civil law away from religious elites and make bureaucracy more efficient
90
Hatt-i Humayun
far-reaching reform decree issued by Sultan Abdul Mejid I in 1856. took away political power from religious figureheads
91
millets
self-governing religious communities
92
self-strengthening movement
Late 19th century movement from china to counter the challenge from the west. led by provincial leaders
93
Emporer guangxu
in 1898, he implemented the hundred days of reform with a series of reforms such as westernized gov., schools and military
94
hundred days reform
series of weseern style reforms launched in 1898 to attempt to meet a foreign challenge
95
empress Cixi
dowager empress who encouraged and promoted the boxer rebellion
96
mass production
efficient output of large numbers of identical goods
97
tenement
a building where families rent rooms or apartments with often little sanitation or safetey
98
slums
an overcrowded, dirty area of a city commonly in very poor conditions
99
working class
a social class composed of people working blue-collar jobs. labored in factories and coal mines
100
white collar
factory and office managers, small business owners and professionals
