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Anatomy 2 > Respiratory System Part 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory System Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration means

A
  • Ventilation of the lungs (breathing)

* The use of oxygen in cellular metabolism

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2
Q

The Respiratory system

A

rhythmically takes in air and expels it from the body, thereby supplying the body with oxygen and expelling the carbon dioxide that it generates

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3
Q

What are the Functions of the Respiratory system

A
  1. It provides for O2 and CO2 exchange between the blood and air
  2. It serves for speech and other vocalization (laughing, crying)
  3. It provides the sense of smell
  4. By eliminating CO2, it helps to control the pH of the body fluids
  5. Synthesis of a vasoconstrictor called angiotensin II, which helps to regulate blood pressure
  6. Breathing creates pressure gradients between the thorax and abdomen that promote the flow of lymph and venous blood
  7. The lungs filter small blood clots from the bloodstream and dissolve them, preventing clots from obstructing the more vital coronary, cerebral, and renal circulation
  8. Breath-holding helps to expel abdominal contents during urination, defecation, and childbirth
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4
Q

What are the principle organs of the Respiratory system?

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
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5
Q

Bronchi….

A

• bronchi → bronchioles → alveoliexchanges gases with the bloodstream through the alveolar wall, and then flows back out

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6
Q

The 2 divisions of the Respiratory system?

A
  1. The conducting division

2. The respiratory division

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7
Q

What does the “conducting” part do?

A

(airflow only) from the nostrils through the major bronchioles
• Upper respiratory tractfrom the nose to the larynx
• Lower respiratory tractfrom the trachea to the lungs

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8
Q

What does the “respiratory” part do?

A

the alveoli and other gas-exchange regions of the distal airway

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9
Q

what are some of the functions of the Nose?

A
  • It warms, cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air
  • It detects odors
  • Serves as a resonating chamber that amplifies the voice
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10
Q

What extends from the nostrils or nares?

A

(anterior openings), to a pair of choanae (posterior openings)

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11
Q

what is the facial part of the nose shaped by?

A

bone and hyaline cartilage

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12
Q

The Internal chamber of the nasal cavity is divided into

A

right and left halves called nasal fossae

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13
Q

What separates the nasal fossae?

A

nasal septum, composed of bone and hyaline cartilage

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14
Q

the Inferior part of the nasal septum?

A

vomer

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15
Q

Superior part of the nasal septum?

A

perpendicular plate of

the ethmoid bone

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16
Q

Anterior part of the nasal septum?

A

septal cartilage

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17
Q

what bones compose the roof of the nasal cavity and hard palate?

A
  • The ethmoid and sphenoid bones (roof)

- the hard palate forms its floor

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18
Q

what is the Palate?

A

separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

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19
Q

The nasal cavity begins …

A

Begins at the vestibule

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20
Q

The inside of the nostril is lined with

A

stratified squamous epithelium like the facial skin

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21
Q

the nasal cavity has

A

vibrissae (hair) that block ,

insects and debris from entering the nose

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22
Q

Posterior to the vestibule , three folds of tissue that project from the lateral walls toward the septum:

A
  1. Superior nasal conchae (turbinate)
  2. Middle nasal conchae
  3. Inferior nasal conchae
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23
Q

Odors are detected by

A

sensory cells in the olfactory epithelium,which covers a small area of the roof of the nasal fossa

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24
Q

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia

A

(immobile cilia)

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25
Q

The rest of the nasal cavity except for the vestibule , is lined with

A

respiratory epithelium

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26
Q

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia

A

(Mobile)

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27
Q

What secretes mucus, and its ciliated cells propel the mucus posteriorly toward the pharynx

A

Goblet cells

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28
Q

The Pharynx is

A

a muscular funnel extending about 13 cm (5 in.) from the choanae to the larynx

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29
Q

the 3 regions of the Pharynx

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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30
Q

The Nasopharynx

A

receives the auditory (eustachian) tubes from the middle ears and houses the pharyngeal tonsil
• Air only: pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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31
Q

The Oropharynx

A

from the soft palate to the epiglottis

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32
Q

The Laryngopharynx

A

from the superior margin of the epiglottis to the inferior margin of the cricoid cartilage

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33
Q

The oropharynx and laryngopharynx pass

A

air, food, and drink and are lined by stratified squamous epithelium

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34
Q

the Larynx (voice box) is

A

cartilaginous chamber about 4 cm (1.5 in.) long

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35
Q

the Larynx also

A

• Keeps food and drink out of the airway • Sound production (phonation)

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36
Q

Superior opening of the larynx is guarded by

A

a flap of tissue called the epiglottis

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37
Q

At rest the epiglottis

A

stands almost vertically

• During swallowing, the epiglottis closes the airway and directs food and drink into the esophagus behind it

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38
Q

The Larynx has nine cartilages

A
  1. Epiglottic
  2. Thyroid
  3. Cricoid
  4. -9. Smaller and occur in 3 pairs
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39
Q

The Thyroid cartilage is

A

(shieldlike shape) “Adam’s apple”
is an anterior peak of the thyroid cartilage called the laryngeal prominence • Testosterone stimulates the growth of this prominence

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40
Q

The Cricoid cartilage is

A

(ringlike), connects the larynx to the trachea

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41
Q

The remaining cartilages

A

• arytenoid cartilages, the corniculate cartilagesfunction in speech

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42
Q

Superiorly  thyrohyoid ligament

A

joins the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone

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43
Q

Inferiorly  cricotracheal ligament

A

joins the cricoid cartilage to the trachea

44
Q

The Larynx has inferior

A

-vocal cords (vocal folds) produce sound when air passes between them.

45
Q

the vocal folds in the Larynx

A

vocal ligaments and are covered with stratified squamous epithelium, best suited to endure vibration and contact between the cords

46
Q

Vocal Cords + Opening

A

= Glottis

47
Q

The trachea is

A

“windpipe,” is a rigid tube about 12 cm (4.5 in.) long and 2.5 cm (1 in.) in diameter, anterior to the esophagus

48
Q

the Trachea is

A

supported by 16 to 20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

49
Q

Cartilage rings

A

reinforce the trachea and keep it from collapsing during inhale

50
Q

The gap in C (muscle trachealis)

A

allows room for the esophagus to expand as swallowed food passes by

51
Q

Lining of the Trachea

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium, and mucus- secreting goblet cells, ciliated cells, and short basal stem cells

52
Q

Mucociliary escalator

A

mucustraps particlescilia moves it pharynx swallow

53
Q

Level of Sternal Angle the trachea

A

forks into the right and left main bronchi

54
Q

The lowermost tracheal cartilage

A

has an internal median ridge called the carina that directs the airflow to the right and left

55
Q

The lungs and Bronchial Tree are a Conical organ

A
  • Base
  • Apex
  • hilum
  • right lung
  • left lung
56
Q

The (Base) of Lungs and Bronchial tree

A

broad, concave, resting on the diaphragm

57
Q

The (Apex) of Lungs and Bronchial tree

A

blunt peak, projecting slightly above the clavicle

58
Q

What is (Hilum)

A

receives the main bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves (root of the lung)

59
Q

Right lung of the Lungs and Bronchial Tree

A

shorter than the left because the liver rises higher on the right

60
Q

Left Lung of Lungs and Bronchial Tree

A

although taller, is narrower than the right because of the heart, on the medial surface, the left lung has the cardiac impression

61
Q

The Right Lung characteristics

A

three lobes—superior, middle, and inferior

62
Q

Horizontal fissure

A

separates the superior and middle lobes, and a similar

63
Q

oblique fissure

A

separates the middle and inferior lobes

64
Q

left lung

A

only a superior and inferior lobe and a single oblique fissure.

65
Q

The Bronchial Tree

A

extends from the main bronchus to the terminal bronchioles

66
Q

right main (primary) bronchus

A

is wider and more vertical

67
Q

Bronchial Tree Aspirates (inhaled)

A

Foreign Objects

68
Q

Bronchial Tree gives off 3 branches

A
  1. Superior lobar bronchi (secondary)  superior lobe
  2. Middle lobar bronchi  middle lobe
  3. Inferior lobar bronchiinferior lobe
69
Q

Left main Bronchus

A

is narrower and more horizontal

70
Q

The Left Main Bronchus gives off

A
  1. Superior lobar bronchisuperior lobe

2. Inferior lobar bronchiinferior lobe

71
Q

The Lobar Bronchi branch into

A

segmental (tertiary) bronchi

72
Q

Each one ventilates a functionally independent unit of lung tissue called

A

a bronchopulmonary segment

73
Q

Bronchi are lined with

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

74
Q

the Lamina Propia has

A

mucous glands and lymphocyte nodules

bronchus- associated lymphatic tissue, BALT

75
Q

elastic connective tissue,

A

which contributes to the recoil that expels air from the lungs in each respiratory cycle

76
Q

the Bronchial receives blood from

A

bronchial artery, which arises from the aorta and carries systemic blood

77
Q

The portion of the lung ventilated by one bronchiole

A

is called a pulmonary lobule

78
Q

Bronchioles have a ciliated cuboidal epithelium and a well-developed layer of smooth muscle in their walls

A

They don’t have mucous glands or goblet cells, they do have cilia

79
Q

Each bronchiole divides into 50 to 80 terminal bronchioles

A

Gives off two or more smaller respiratory bronchioles, which have alveoli budding from their walls (gas exchange) nonciliated simple squamous epithelia

80
Q

Each human lung

A

is a spongy mass composed of 150 million little sacs, the alveoli, which provide about 70 m2 of surface for gas exchange

81
Q

Squamous (type I) alveolar cells

A

cover about 95% of the alveolar surface area

82
Q

cuboidal great (type II) alveolar cells have 2 functions

A
  1. They repair the alveolar epithelium when the squamous cells are damaged
  2. They secrete pulmonary surfactant, a mixture of phospholipids and protein that coats the alveoli and smallest bronchioles and prevents them from collapsing when one exhales
83
Q

What are Alveolar macrophages?

A

(dust cells), wander the lumens of the alveoli and the connective tissue between them

84
Q

What is the function of “alveolar macrophages”?

A

• keep the alveoli free of debris by phagocytizing dust particles
• In lungs that are infected or bleeding, the macrophages also phagocytize bacteria
and loose blood cells

85
Q

Each alveolus is surrounded blood capillaries

A

pulmonary artery

86
Q

Respiratory membrane (barrier), consists only of

A

the squamous alveolar cell, the squamous endothelial cell of the capillary, and their shared basement membrane.

87
Q

Osmotic uptake of water overrides

A

filtration and keeps the alveoli free of fluid

88
Q

The lungs also have a more extensive

A

lymphatic drainage than any other organ in the

body

89
Q

The low capillary blood pressure

A

prevents the rupture of the delicate respiratory membrane.

90
Q

The surface of the lung consists of a serous membrane

A

visceral pleura

91
Q

At the hilum, the visceral pleura turns back on itself and forms the

A

parietal pleura

92
Q

the parietal pleura

A

adheres to the mediastinum, inner surface of the rib cage, and superior surface of the diaphragm

93
Q

the pulmonary ligament,

A

connects it to the diaphragm.

94
Q

Pleural cavity

A

space between the parietal and visceral

95
Q

The space between the parietal and visceral

A

• contains a film of slippery pleural fluid • is only a potential space

96
Q

The principal muscles of respiration are

A

Diaphragm

97
Q

When the Diaphragm is (relaxed)

A

it bulges upward, pressing against the base of the lungs. The lungs are at their minimum volume

98
Q

When the Diaphragm is (contracted)

A

its descent enlarge the superior-to-inferior dimension of the thoracic cage. Enlargement of the thoracic cavity lowers its internal pressure and produces an inflow of air.

99
Q

When the Diaphragm (relaxes)

A

it bulges upward again, compresses the lungs, and expels air

100
Q

Intercostal muscles (between the ribs):

A

they stiffen the thoracic cage during respiration and prevent it from caving inward when the diaphragm descends

101
Q

Accessory muscles of respiration are used especially during

A

forced respiration

102
Q

Accessory muscles of respiration

A
  • Erector spinae
  • Sternocleidomastoids scalenes of the neck
  • The pectoralis minor, pectoralis major and serratus anterior of the chest
103
Q

The only muscular effort involved in normal expiration is

A

braking action

104
Q

what happens with Braking action?

A

the muscles relax gradually rather than abruptly, thus preventing the lungs from recoiling too suddenly

105
Q

Lung cancer accounts for

A

more deaths than any other form of cancer

106
Q

The most important cause of lung cancer

A

cigarette smoking

107
Q

3 forms of lung cancer

A
  1. Squamous-cell carcinoma
  2. Adenocarcinoma
  3. small-cell (oat-cell) carcinoma

Anatomy 2 (3 decks)

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