Unit 3

Question 1

Macromolecule

Answer 1

An extremely large biological molecule; refers specifically to proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, lipids, and complexes of these

Question 2

Functional group

Answer 2

A molecular group attached to a hydrocarbon that confers chemical properties or reactivities

Question 3

Isomer

Answer 3

One of a group of molecules identical in atomic composition but differing in structural arrangement, for example, glucose and fructose

Question 4

Polymer

Answer 4

A molecule composed of many similar or identical molecular subunits; starch is a polymer of glucose

Question 5

Monomer

Answer 5

The smallest chemical subunit of a polymer

Question 6

Hydrolysis

Answer 6

A reaction that breaks a bond by the addition of water

Question 7

Carbohydrate

Answer 7

An organic compound consisting of a chain or ring of carbon atoms to which hydrogen and oxygen atoms are attached in a ratio of 2:1; having the generalized formula CH2O; carbohydrates include sugars, starch, glycogen, and cellulose

Question 8

Monosaccharide

Answer 8

A simple auger that cannot be decomposed into smaller sugar molecules

Question 9

Disaccharide

Answer 9

A carbohydrate formed of two simple sugar molecules bonded covalently

Question 10

Polysaccharide

Answer 10

A carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharide sugar subunits linked together in a long chain. Examples include glycogen, starch, and cellulose

Question 11

Starch

Answer 11

An insoluble polymer of glucose; the chief food storage substance of plants

Question 12

Cellulose

Answer 12

The chief constituent of the cell wall in all green plants, some algae, and a few other organisms; an insoluble complex carbohydrate formed of microfibrils of glucose molecules

Question 13

Chitin

Answer 13

A tough, resistant, nitrogen- containing polysaccharide that forms the cell walls of certain fungi, the exoskeleton of Arthropoda, and the epidermal cuticle of other surface structures of certain other invertebrates

Question 14

Nucleic acid

Answer 14

A nucleotide polymer, chief types are DNA and RNA

Question 15

Complementary

Answer 15

Describes genetic information in which each nucleotide base has complementary partner with which it forms a base pair

Question 16

ATP

Answer 16

A nucleotide consisting of adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups; ATP is the energy currency of cellular metabolism in all organisms

Question 17

NAD+

Answer 17

A molecule that becomes reduced to NADH as it carries high energy electrons from oxidized molecules and delivers them to ATP- producing pathways in the cell

Question 18

FAD

Answer 18

A cofactor that acts as a soluble (not membrane bound) electron carrier (can be reversible oxidized and reduced)

Question 19

Amino acid

Answer 19

A subunit structure from which proteins are produced

Question 20

Peptide bond

Answer 20

The type of bond that links amino acids together in proteins through a dehydration reaction

Question 21

Primary structure

Answer 21

The specific amino acid sequence of a protein

Question 22

A helix

Answer 22

A form of secondary structure in proteins where the polypeptide chain is wound into a spiral due to interactions between amino and carboxyl groups in the peptide backbone

Question 23

Secondary structure

Answer 23

In a protein, hydrogen- bonding interactions between CO and NH groups of the primary structure

Question 24

Tertiary structure

Answer 24

The folded shape of a protein, produced by hydrophobic interactions with water

Question 25

Quaternary structure

Answer 25

The structural level of a protein composed of more than one polypeptide chain, each of which has its own tertiary structure; the individual chains are called subunits

Question 26

Motif

Answer 26

A substructure in proteins that confers function and can be found in multiple proteins. One example is the helix-turn- helix motif found in a number of proteins that is used to bind DNA

Question 27

Domain 1

Answer 27

A distinct modular region of a protein that serves a particular function in the action of a protein Domain 2- the level higher than kingdom. Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

Question 28

Chaperone protein

Answer 28

A class of enzymes that help proteins fold into the correct configuration, and can refold proteins that have been misfolded or denatured

Question 29

Denaturation

Answer 29

The loss of the native configuration of a protein or nucleic acid as a result of excessive heat, extremes of pH, chemical modification, or changes in solvent ionic strength or polarity that disrupt hydrophobic interactions; usually accompanied by loss of biological activity

Question 30

Dissociation

Answer 30

To break into parts

Question 31

Lipid

Answer 31

A nonpolar hydrophobic organic molecule that is insoluble in water but dissolves readily in nonpolar organic solvents

Question 32

Triglyceride

Answer 32

An individual fat molecule, composed of a glycerol and three fatty acids

Question 33

Saturated

Answer 33

A fatty composed of fatty acids in which all the internal carbon atoms contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms

Question 34

Unsaturated

Answer 34

A fat molecule in which one or more of the fatty acids contain fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens attached to their carbons

Question 35

Polyunsaturated

Answer 35

A fat molecule having at least two double bonds between adjacent carbons in which one or more of the fatty acid chains

Question 36

Phospholipid

Answer 36

Similar in structure to a fat, but having only two fatty acids attached to the glycerol backbone