Schools, Achievement, Work & Careers Flashcards
Constructivist Approach
Is learner centred and emphasises the importance of individuals activity constructing their knowledge and understanding wiht guidance from the teacher. Information is not simply poured into the students.
Emphasises collaboration. Actively exploring the knowledge with others, rather than passively listening.
Cognitive Constructivist Approaches and Social Constructivist Approaches.
Have an important role to play in how students are educated.
Direct Instruction Approach
Structured and teacher centred. Characterised by the teachers direction and control, higher expectations for students progress, maximum time spent by students on academic tasks, and efforts by the teacher to keep negative affect to a minimum. The maximisation of student learning time.
Critiques of the approach suggest that it turns students into passive learners and does not encourage them to think critically, and in creative ways.
Proponents of the direct instruction approach suggest that the constructivist approaches are vague, to relativistic, and do not pay enough attention to the specific content of a subject.
The authoritative Strategy of Classroom Management
Encourages students to be independent et cooperative and cognisant of classroom expectations. Verbal give and take. A caring attitude. Limits are set when necessary and rules an regulations are clarified.
The Authoritarian strategy of Classroom Management
Encourages compliant, passive learners. A punitive and restrictive strategy. The focus is on order in the classroom rather than on learning.
The Permissive Strategy of Classroom Management
Provides autonomy, but little structure for students learning self-control and academic skills. Possess inadequate academic ability and low self-control.
The person-environment fit
Is concerned with adjusting the classroom environment to meet the needs of adolescents.
The negative psychological changes in adolescence may occur when the particular needs of a development adolescent are not matched by the schools they attend.
Bullying:
Some students are the victims of bullies.
Often anxious, socially withdrawn.
These children share several characteristics.
Parents who are demanding and unresponsive,
A tendency to internalise problems.
Victim of bullies can suffer short term and long term effects.
Numerous interventions are being trailed by schools.
Older students can monitor bullying and intervene when they see it.
Social skills training to increase behaviour.
Modelling of interactions that do not include bullying.
Jigsaw Classrooms
Students from different cultural backgrounds are placed in a cooperative group in which they have to construct different parts of a project to reach a common goal.
Perspective taking.
Encourage mixing with other ethnic minorities.
Encourage critical thinking and emotional intelligence about cultural issues.
Multicultural Education
Values diversity and includes the perspectives of a variety of cultural groups.
Ethnic minority status is not the focal point. Other issues are encouraged to be equally as important such as religion, disability, sex, gender etc.
Cross-Cultural Comparisons:
Schooling differs vastly cross-culturally.
Learning Disabilities
Refer to students who are of normal intelligence or above but have difficulties in at least one academic area, most often in reading, written language, and maths. By definition, students do not have a learning disability unless they have an academic problem.
The difficulty cannot be attributed to any other diagnosed problem or disorder, such as mental retardation.
Some experts argue that teachers are quick to label an individual with a learning disability, when in fact the problem is inadequate teaching.
Over-identifiaction issues.
Huge gender bas, with many more boys being labelled. Reflecting a referral bias du to behaviour.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Is a disability in which children or adolescents consistently show one or more of the following characteristics over a period of time:
Inattention.
Hyperactivity.
Impulsivity.
Onset of these characteristics early in childhood is required and the characteristics must be debilitating for the child.
The diagnosis can focus on one of the three domains as more prevalent.
Controversy about the increased diagnosis of the disorder.
Huge gender bias in males.
Adolescents Who Are Gifted
Have above average intelligence (Usually defined as an IQ of 130 or higher) and or superior talent in some domain, such as art, music, or mathematics.
Precocious in their area of interest.
Learn in ways which are qualitatively different from ordinary children. They require minimal direction from adults, and resist explicit instruction. Make discoveries on their own and solve problems in unique ways.
They have a passion to master their domain. Intense, obsessive, interest and ability to focus. Self motivation.
Intrinsic Motivation
Is based on internal factors such as self determination, curiosity, challenge, and effort.
Embraced by the Humanistic and Cognitive approaches.
Linked to a higher level of academic achievement.
Optimal experiences occur when people report feelings of deep enjoyment and happiness.
Flow - Optimal experiences in life. When people develop a deep sense of mastery and are absorbed in a state of concentration whilst they engage in the activity.
Sociohistorical Context of Work During Adolescence
Work-School engagement has steadily increased.
Spending large amounts of time on labour has limited benefit of developmental aspects for youth.
