Infant and Childhood Development

Question 1

When looking at appropriate behaviour, what do you need to consider?

Answer 1

Appropriate for

• Age?
• Context?

Question 2

What is enuresis?

Answer 2

Involuntary urination, especially by child at night

Question 3

Is unproblematic behaviour concerning?

Answer 3

Yes

Question 4

What are developmental tasks?

Answer 4

Tasks at each stage of development = stage salient issues, that must be confronted and mastered

Question 5

What influences future adaptation?

Answer 5

Whether developmental tasks resolved in adaptive/maladaptive way

Question 6

What are the developmental tasks of infancy?

Answer 6

Forming secure attachment with caregiver(s)
Physiological regulation
Learning to
- Sit
- Crawl
- Stand
- Walk
- Grasp
Differentiation of self from environment

Question 7

When does differentiation of self from the environment occur?

Answer 7

18-24 months

Question 8

When is early childhood?

Answer 8

3-5 years

Question 9

What are the developmental tasks of early childhood?

Answer 9

Learning to
- Run
- Climb stairs
- Draw
Toilet training
Self-control and compliance
Functional language
Social play

Question 10

What are the developmental tasks of middle childhood?

Answer 10

Behaviour according to others’ rules and expectations
Learning academic skills
Developing interests/skills/competence in other domains
Initiating and maintaining friendships

Question 11

Where do developmental changes in cognition occur?

Answer 11

Language
Knowledge
Memory
Reasoning
Planning

Question 12

Where do developmental changes in sociality occur?

Answer 12

Understanding self
Understanding others
Reasoning about moral dilemmas

Question 13

How does the nature of social interactions change across childhood?

Answer 13

Family to peers

Question 14

Where do developmental changes in emotion occur?

Answer 14

Emotion language
Emotion knowledge
Emotional recognition
Emotion regulation

Question 15

What are complications with mental health in children and adolescents?

Answer 15

Often not self-reported

Same disorder may present differently at different ages

Question 16

What are the risk factors influencing the mental health of children?

Answer 16

Poverty
Harsh/inconsistent parenting
Family violence
Other trauma exposure
Single parent family
Parental mental health

Question 17

What are the protective factors influencing the mental health of children?

Answer 17

Easy temperament
Positive stable relationship with adult other than parents
High intelligence
Positive parenting

Question 18

Is parental distress higher or lower than children’s distress?

Answer 18

Same as, or even higher

Question 19

How can inadequate understanding of illness impact adjustment to it?

Answer 19

Increase anxiety

Impact on adherence

Question 20

What can illness interfere with in terms of developmental tasks?

Answer 20

Interfere with their achievement

Question 21

How do infants and toddlers understand illness?

Answer 21

Motor and sensory exploration prominent
Limitations in verbal expression
Struggle with logical explanations
Limited understanding of illness > understand what affects them directly
Non-verbal communication important

Question 22

How do preschoolers understand illness?

Answer 22

Think in literal, concrete, egocentric terms
Developments in independence, curiosity, and language
Illness understood as contagion/contamination

Question 23

How do children in primary school understand illness?

Answer 23

Developments in logical thinking and abstract reasoning
Understand cause of disease beyond contagion
Peers of increasing importance
Simple analogies and hypothetical examples can be understood

Question 24

How do adolescents understand illness?

Answer 24

More advanced reasoning and problem-solving skills
Regulation of emotion and behaviour still developing
Peers and identity formation

Question 25

How do children often communicate: verbally or non-verbally?

Answer 25

Non-verbally