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Chem 1115 > Unit 1 Test > Flashcards

Unit 1 Test Flashcards

1
Q

Significant figures

A

The last digit of a measured quantity is “estimated.” Indicates the extent of the uncertainty of the measurement.

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2
Q

Solution

A

Mixture of substances that has a uniform composition; a homogeneous mixture.

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3
Q

Law of Constant Composition/Definite Proportions

A

The elemental composition of a pure compound is always the same.

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4
Q

States of Matter

A

Three physical states: Solid, liquid, and gas

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5
Q

Element

A

Each element has a single kind of atom and is represented by a chemical symbol consisting of one or two letters, with the first letter capitalized.

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6
Q

Compound

A

Compounds are composed of two or more elements joined chemically.

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7
Q

Metric System

A

A system of measurement used in science and in most countries.

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8
Q

Extensive properties

A

Properties which relate to the amount of substance present.

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9
Q

Hypothesis

A

A tentative explanation of a series of observations of a natural law.

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10
Q

SI Units

A

The preferred metric units for use in science.

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11
Q

Molecule

A

An entity composed of two or more atoms attached to one another in a specific way.

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12
Q

Theory

A

A tested model or explanation that satisfactorily accounts for a certain set of phenomena.

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13
Q

Atom

A

The smallest representative particle of an element.

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14
Q

Physical Properties

A

Properties that can be measured without changing the composition of a substance.

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15
Q

Kelvin scale

A

The absolute temperature scale; the SI unit for temperature. Zero on the Kelvin scale corresponds to -273.15°C.

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16
Q

Chemistry

A

The study of the composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter.

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17
Q

Dimensional Analysis

A

Keeping track of units as we carry measurements through calculations.

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18
Q

Elements

A

A substance consisting of atoms of the same atomic number. Cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means.

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19
Q

Scientific Law

A

A general rule that summarizes how nature behaves.

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20
Q

Density

A

A substance’s mass divided by its volume. d=m/v

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21
Q

Physical change

A

Matter does not change its chemical composition. Ex: change of state; changing color

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22
Q

Mass

A

A measure of the amount of material in an object. It measure the resistance of an object to being moved. Measured in kilograms (kg).

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23
Q

Mixture

A

A combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its own chemical identity.

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24
Q

Chemical Properties

A

Properties that describe a substance’s composition and its reactivity; how the substance reacts or changes into other substances.

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25
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass; the physical material of the universe.

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26
Q

Gas

A

Matter that has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape. Takes on the shape and volume of it’s container.

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27
Q

Celsius scale

A

A temperature scale on which water freezes at 0° and boils at 100° at sea level.

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28
Q

Scientific Method

A

A dynamic process used to answer questions about our physical world.

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29
Q

Precision

A

How closely different measurements of a quantity agree with one another.

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30
Q

Solid

A

Matter that has both a definite shape and a definite volume.

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31
Q

Chemical change

A

A substance is transformed into a chemically different substance.

32
Q

Property

A

Any characteristic that gives a sample of matter its unique identity.

33
Q

Accuracy

A

How well a measurement agrees with the accepted or “true” value.

34
Q

Conversion Factors

A

Ratios constructed from valid relations between equivalent quantities.

35
Q

Pure substance

A

Two kinds: elements and compounds

36
Q

Liquid

A

Matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape. Takes on the shape of it’s container.

37
Q

Change of State

A

Transformation of matter from one state to a different one. Gas -> liquid -> solid

38
Q

Intensive properties

A

Properties which are independent of the amount of matter of a substance and are used to identify substances.

39
Q

atomic number

A

of protons in an atom; identifies the element

40
Q

atomic mass

A

protons + # neutrons

41
Q

Period

A

Horizontal row on the periodic table; larger elements as you move left to right along the period

42
Q

Group

A

Vertical column on the periodic table; contain elements with similar properties; larger elements as you move down a group

43
Q

In which Group are the Alkaline earth metals?

A

Group 2

44
Q

In which Group are the Alkali metals?

A

Group 1, minus Hydrogen

45
Q

In which Group are the Halogens?

A

Group 7

46
Q

In which Group are the Inert (Noble) gases?

A

Group 8

47
Q

Which elements are the Alkali metals?

A

Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr

Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, Francium

48
Q

Which elements are the Alkaline earth metals?

A

Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra

Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Radium

49
Q

Which elements are the Halogens?

A

F, Cl, Br, I, At

Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Astatine

50
Q

Which elements are the Inert (Noble) gases?

A

He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon

51
Q

What are the properties of metals?

A
  • Lustrous (shiny)
  • Good thermal/electrical conductors
  • Malleable
  • Solids @ RT
    • Except Hg = liquid
52
Q

What are the properties of non-metals?

A
  • Dull appearance
  • Brittle as solids
  • Poor thermal/electrical conductors
  • Primarily solids or gases @ RT
    • except Br = liquid
53
Q

What are the properties of metalloids?

A
  • Stair-step between metals & non-metals
  • Properties are between metals & non-metals
    • Brittle solids but are semi-conductors
54
Q

What are some properties of the Alkali metals?

A

Form +1 cations

react violently with H2O

low melting and boiling points

very soft and can be cut easily with a knife

low densities

dissolve in water to form alkaline solutions

55
Q

What are some properties of the Alkaline earth metals?

A

form +2 cations

shiny.

silvery-white.

somewhat reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure.

readily lose their two outermost electrons to form cations with a 2+ charge.

low densities.

low melting points.

low boiling points.

56
Q

What are some properties of the Halogens?

A

Form -1 anions

produces a salt when bonding with a metal

only periodic table group exhibiting all three states of matter at room temperature

Have colored vapors

57
Q

What are some properties of the Inert (Noble) gases?

A

Inert (no charge)

colorless, odorless, tasteless, nonflammable

Xe can form compounds

Rn is a natural, radioactive, pollutant

58
Q

Which Groups are in the “Main Group”?

A
59
Q

Which Groups are the “Transition Elements”?

A
60
Q

Which Group are the Lanthanides?

A
61
Q

Which Group are the Actinides?

A
62
Q

Which are the diatomic elements?

A

Naturally occuring at molecules with two atoms

H, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I

63
Q

What does mega (M) mean?

A

Million

1,000,000

1 x 106

64
Q

What does kilo (k) mean?

A

Thousand

1,000

1 x 103

65
Q

What does centi (c) mean?

A

Hundredth

0.01

1 x 10-2

66
Q

What does milli (m) mean?

A

Thousandth

0.001

1 x 10-3

67
Q

What does micro (µ) mean?

A

Millionth

0.000001

1 x 10-6

68
Q

What does nano (n) mean?

A

Billionth

0.000000001

1 x 10-9

69
Q

Calculate Density

A

mass divided by volume

70
Q

Calculate Mass

A

density multiplied by volume

71
Q

Calculate volume given to variables.

A

Mass divided by density

72
Q

Nonzero digits are…

A

always significant

ex: 12.11 (4 sf)

73
Q

Zeros … are always significant.

A

Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant.

ex: 10.1 (3 sf)
100. 005 (6 sf)

74
Q

Zeros at the … of a number are never significant.

A

Zeros at the beginning of a number are never significant.

ex: 0.0003 (1 sf)
0. 00105 (3 sf)

75
Q

Zeros at the … of a number are significant ONLY if …

A

Zeros at the end of a number are significant ONLY if the number has a decimal point.

ex: 1.10 (3 sf)
0. 009000 (4 sf)

76
Q

When multiplying or dividing, the final answer is rounded to … as the measured number with the … significant figures.

A

When multiplying or dividing, the final answer is rounded to the same number of significant figures as the measured number with the fewest significant figures.

77
Q

When adding or subtracting, the final answer is rounded to … to the right of the decimal point as the measured number with the … digits to the right of the decimal point.

A

When adding or subtracting, the final answer is rounded to the same number of digits to the right of the decimal point as the measured number with the fewest digits to the right of the decimal point.

Chem 1115 (6 decks)

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