FAMILIES Chapter 8

Question 1

The process by which
children and adolescents socialize parents,
just as parents socialize them.

Answer 1

reciprocal socialization

Question 2

Concept
that adults follow one trajectory and children
and adolescents another one; how these
trajectories mesh is important.

Answer 2

multiple developmental trajectories

Question 3

A restrictive, punitive
style in which the parent exhorts the
adolescent to follow the parent’s directions
and to respect work and effort. Firm limits and
controls are placed on the adolescent, and
little verbal exchange is allowed. This style is
associated with adolescents’ socially
incompetent behavior.

Answer 3

authoritarian parenting

Question 4

A style encouraging
adolescents to be independent but still
placing limits and controls on their actions.
Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed,
and parents are warm and nurturant toward
the adolescent. This style is associated with
adolescents’ socially competent behavior.
.

Answer 4

authoritative parenting

Question 5

A style in which the
parent is very uninvolved in the adolescent’s
life. It is associated with adolescents’ social
incompetence, especially a lack of selfcontrol

Answer 5

neglectful parenting

Question 6

A style in which parents
are highly involved with their adolescents but
place few demands or controls on them. This
is associated with adolescents’ social
incompetence, especially a lack of selfcontrol.

Answer 6

indulgent parenting

Question 7

The capacity to

relinquish childlike dependence on parents.

Answer 7

emotional autonomy

Question 8

Involves a positive,
enduring emotional bond between two people.
In infancy, childhood, and adolescence,
formation of a secure bond with a caregiver
benefits the child’s exploration of the
environment and subsequent development. In
adulthood, the bond can also be between two
people in a couple or marital relationship.

Answer 8

secure attachment

Question 9

Attachment pattern in
which infants, children, and adolescents
either avoid the caregiver or show
considerable resistance or ambivalence
toward the caregiver. This pattern is theorized
to be related to difficulties in relationships
and problems in later development.

Answer 9

insecure attachment

Question 10

An insecure
attachment category in which individuals
deemphasize the importance of attachment.
This category is associated with consistent
experiences of rejection of attachment needs
by caregivers.

Answer 10

dismissing/avoidant attachment

Question 11

An insecure attachment category in which
adolescents are hyperattuned to attachment
experiences. This is thought mainly to occur
because parents are inconsistently available
to the adolescent.

Answer 11

preoccupied/ambivalent attachment

Question 12

An insecure category in which the adolescent
has an unusually high level of fear and is
disoriented. This can result from traumatic
experiences such as a parent’s death or
abuse by parents.

Answer 12

unresolved/disorganized attachment

Question 13

In Hetherington’s
research, 25 percent of children from
divorced families had emotional problems,
but that figure decreased to 20 percent in
emerging adulthood. Ten percent of children
and emerging adults from nondivorced
families had emotional problems.

Answer 13

EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN
AND EMERGING ADULTS FROM
DIVORCED FAMILIES.

Question 14

Uncertainty in
stepfamilies about who is in or out of the
family and who is performing or responsible
for certain tasks in the family system.

Answer 14

boundary ambiguity