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BIOL 3010K > Chapter 1 - The Study of Human Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - The Study of Human Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of the structure of the human body

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Study of the function of the human body

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3
Q

Functional Morphology

A
  • Structure and reason for the structure

- Form follows function

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4
Q

The Anatomical Sciences

A
  1. Gross anatomy
  2. Surface anatomy
  3. Radiological anatomy
  4. Comparative anatomy
  5. Histology
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5
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Study of structures visible to the naked eye

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6
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

Study of the external structure of the body

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7
Q

Radiological Anatomy

A

Study of internal structure using imaging techniques

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8
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

Study of one organ system at a time

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9
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

Study of multiple organ systems bases on region of the body

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10
Q

Comparative Anatomy

A

Study of >1 species to compare structural similarities and differences

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11
Q

Histology

A
  • Microscopic anatomy
  • Histopathology: microscopic analysis of diseased tissue
  • Cytology: structure and function of individual cells
  • Ultrastructure: fine details of cell (molecular level)
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12
Q

Methods of Study

A
  1. Inspection: looking at surface appearance
  2. Palpation: feeling a structure
  3. Auscultation: listening to normal sounds
  4. Percussion: tapping and listening
  5. Dissection: cutting and separating of tissues (use of cadavers)
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13
Q

Variations in Human Structure

A
  • Situs solitus: normal arrangement of organs
  • Situs inversus: reversed position of organs
  • Situs perversus: one organ atypically positioned
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14
Q

Levels of Human Structure

A
  1. Atoms
  2. Molecules
  3. Macromolcules
  4. Organelles
  5. Cells
  6. Tissues
  7. Organs
  8. Systems
  9. Organism
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15
Q

Organ Systems

A
  1. Digestive
  2. Respiratory
  3. Urinary
  4. Nervous
  5. Circulatory
  6. Skeletal
  7. Muscular
  8. Integumentary
  9. Lymphatic
  10. Endocrine
  11. Reproductive
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16
Q

Anatomical Position

A
  • Standing erect with feet flat
  • Arms at the sides, palms supinated
  • Palms, face, and eyes facing forward
  • Provides a constant reference of body position
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17
Q

Anatomical Planes

A
  1. Sagittal (vertical plane): median (midsagittal) plane = equal halves, parasagittal = unequal portions
  2. Frontal (coronal) plane: anterior/posterior portions
  3. Transverse (horizontal) plane: superior/inferior portions
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18
Q

Anterior

A

toward the front of the body

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19
Q

Posterior

A

toward the back of the body

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20
Q

Ventral

A

toward the anterior side (in humans only, ‘anterior’ is preferred terminology)

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21
Q

Dorsal

A

toward the posterior side (in humans only, ‘posterior’ is preferred terminology)

22
Q

Superior

A

above

23
Q

Inferior

A

below

24
Q

Cephalic

A

toward the head or superior end

25
Q

Rostral

A

toward the forehead or the nose

26
Q

Caudal

A

toward the tail or inferior end

27
Q

Medial

A

toward the midline of the body

28
Q

Lateral

A

away from the midline of the body

29
Q

Proximal

A

closer to the point of attachment or origin

30
Q

Distal

A

farther from the point of attachment or origin

31
Q

Ipsilateral

A

on the same side of the body

32
Q

Contralateral

A

on opposite sides of the body

33
Q

Superficial

A

closer to the body surface

34
Q

Deep

A

farther from the body surface

35
Q

Major Body Regions

A
  1. Axial Region

2. Appendicular Region

36
Q

Axial Region

A
  • “core”
  • Head
  • Neck
  • Trunk
    • Thoracic region
    • Abdominal region divided into either quadrants or 3x3 grid
37
Q

Appendicular Region

A
  • Upper Limbs
    • Arm (brachial)
    • Forearm (antebrachial)
    • Wrist (carpal)
    • Hand (manual)
    • Fingers (digits)
  • Lower Limbs
    • Thigh (femoral)
    • Leg (crural)
    • Ankle (tarsal)
    • Foot (pedal)
    • Toes (digits)
38
Q

Membranes

A
  • Thin sheets of tissue that cover the body, line body cavities (parietal), and cover organs within the cavities (visceral)
  • Two types: epithelial & connective
39
Q

Epithelial Membranes

A
  • Two types:
    • Mucous - line body cavities that open to the outside (digestive, respiratory)
    • Serous - line cavities and cover organs (pleura, pericardium, peritoneum)
40
Q

Body Cavities

A
  1. Cranial
  2. Vertebral Canal
  3. Thoracic
  4. Abdominopelvic Cavity
41
Q

Cranial Cavity

A
  • Enclosed by cranium
  • Contains brain
  • Lined by meninges
42
Q

Vertebral Cavity

A
  • Enclosed by vertebral column
  • Contains spinal cord
  • Lined by meninges
43
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A
  • Superior to diaphragm
  • Mediastinum: area between lungs, contains heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, & bronchi
  • Pericardial cavity
  • Pleural cavities (2)
44
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A
  • Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
  • Parietal pericardium (pericardial sac)
  • Pericardial fluid
45
Q

Pleural Cavities

A
  • Two (each lung)
  • Visceral pleura
  • Parietal pleura
  • Pleural fluid
46
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A
  • Abdominal cavity
  • Pelvic cavity
  • Peritoneum
47
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A
  • Superior portion of abdominopelvic cavity

- Contains most of digestive organs, spleen, kidneys, and ureters

48
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A
  • Inferior portion of abdominopelvic cavity

- Contains distal large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs

49
Q

Peritoneum

A
  • 2 layers: parietal & visceral
  • Retroperitoneal: outside of peritoneum
  • Intraperitoneal: inside of peritoneum
  • Serosa: visceral peritoneum divides and wraps around organ
50
Q

Intraperitoneal Organs

A
  1. Stomach
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ilieum
  4. Transverse colon
  5. Sigmoid colon
  6. Liver
  7. Gallbladder
  8. Spleen
51
Q

Retroperitoneal Organs

A
  1. Pancreas
  2. Duodenum
  3. Ascending colon
  4. Descending colon
  5. Rectum
  6. Kidneys
  7. Adrenal glands

BIOL 3010K (19 decks)

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