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Neurology > Neurotransmission > Flashcards

Neurotransmission Flashcards

1
Q

What do dendrites convey?

A

Graded electrical signals passively to the soma

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2
Q

What do dendrites receive inputs from?

A

Other neurones

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3
Q

What is the soma?

A

Synthetic and metabolic centre- containing nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, and ER.

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4
Q

What does the soma do?

A

Integrates incoming signals that are conducted passively to the axon hillock

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5
Q

What is the axon hillock and initial segment?

A

Site of initiation of the all or none ap

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6
Q

What does the axon do?

A

Conducts output signals as aps to other neurones (or cells).

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7
Q

Between what does the axon mediate transport of materials?

A

Soma and presynaptic terminal (anterograde direction) and vice versa (retrograde)

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8
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Point of chemical communication between neurones (or other cells)

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9
Q

What direction of transport do several virus’ exploit to infect neurones?

A

Retrograde

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10
Q

What are the 4 types of neurone?

A

Unipolar, pseudounipolar, bipolar, multipolar

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11
Q

Describe a unipolar neurone and give an example

A

One neurite. Peripheral autonomic neurone

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12
Q

Describe a bipolar neurone and give an example

A

Two neurites. Retinal bipolar neurone

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13
Q

Describe a pseudounipolar neurone and give an example

A

One neurite that bifurcates. Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) neurone

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14
Q

Describe a multipolar neurone and give an example

A

Three or more neurites. Lower motor neurone (LMN) (motoneurone)

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15
Q

What are the four functional regions of neurones?

A

Input, integrative, conductile, output

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16
Q

What are Golgi Type I and Type II axons?

A

Type I is long, type II is short

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17
Q

What is overshoot?

A

Brief period when polarity is reversed to inside postive

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18
Q

What occurs in the upstroke of the ap?

A

Opening of voltage activated Na+ channels and inward Na+ movement

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19
Q

What occurs in the downstroke of ap?

A

Opening of voltage activated K+ channels and outward movement of K+

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20
Q

Why do passive signals not spread far from their site of origin?

A

The nerve cell membrane is leaky (not a perfect insulator). This is due to current loss across the membrane

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21
Q

In the axon does the ap have a constant or variable amplitude?

A

Constant

22
Q

What kind of process is the membrane potential change?

A

Passive neuronal process that decays exponentially with distance

23
Q

What does the distance over which current spreads depend upon?

A

Membrane resistance (rm) and axial resistance of the axoplasm (ri)- increased rm/ri increased length constant

24
Q

What does greater local current spread increase?

A

AP conduction velocity

25
Q

What does the ap do to the charges on each side of the membrane?

A

Swaps them (-ve on outside, +ve on inside)

26
Q

How would you decrease ri?

A

Increasing axonal diameter (not feasible though)

27
Q

How would you increase rm?

A

Adding an insulating material - myelin- provided by Schwann cells in PNS and oligodendrocytes in CNS (both types of macroglia)

28
Q

What is the length constant equation?

A

Lambda= (rm/ri)^0.5

29
Q

What do many Schwann cells surround?

A

A single axon

30
Q

What does one oligodendrocyte surround?

A

Many axons

31
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

When an ap jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next

32
Q

What is the definition of axodendritic?

A

Presynaptic cell synpases with the post synaptic cell on the back of its dendrite

33
Q

What is the defintion of axosomatic?

A

Presynaptic axon synapses on the soma of the post synaptic cell

34
Q

What is the defintion of axoaxonic?

A

Presynaptic terminal of one cell terminates upon one presynaptic terminal of another cell before that cell shows an axosomatic synapse upon a postsynapstic cell

35
Q

What makes a synapse excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Transmitter used

36
Q

What transmitter is used most in excitatory synpases in the CNS?

A

Glutamate

37
Q

What does glutamate activate?

A

Postsynaptic, cation selective, ionotropic, glutaate receptors

38
Q

What does glutamate generate?

A

Local graded excitatory (depolarising) response- the excitatory postsynaptic potential (epsp)

39
Q

What transmitter is used most in inhibitory synpases in the CNS?

A

GABA, or glycine

40
Q

What does GABA/glycine activate?

A

Postsynaptic, anion selective, ionotropic, GABAa or glycine receptors

41
Q

What does GABA/Glycine generate?

A

Local graded, inhibitory (hyperpolarising) response- ipsp

42
Q

What sequence is crucial to the computational capacity of the CNS?

A

Electrical-chemical-electrical

43
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

Many inputs converge upon a neurone to determine its output

44
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

A single input may modulate output by variation in ap frequency of that input

45
Q

Where are amino acids and amines released from?

A

Synaptic vesicles

46
Q

Where are peptides released from?

A

Secretory vesicles

47
Q

What can glutamate, GABA, glycine, acetylcholine, and 5-HT activate?

A

Ionotropic ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs), and GPCR (excepet glycine)

48
Q

What speed of neurotransmission do ionotropic ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) mediate?

A

Fast

49
Q

What speed of neurotransmission do metabotropic GPCRs mediate?

A

Slow

50
Q

What are the stages of chemical neurotransmission?

A
  1. Uptake of precursor
  2. Synthesis of transmitter
  3. Storage of transmitter
  4. Depolarisation by ap
  5. Ca2+ influx
  6. Ca2+ induced release of transmitter (exocytosis)
  7. Receptor activation
  8. Enzyme mediated inactivation of transmitter
    or
  9. Reuptake of transmitter
51
Q

What are secretory granules transported to the presynaptic terminal by?

A

Fast axoplasmic transport via microtubules

Neurology (27 decks)

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